《中国植物志》|| 锦葵科 MALVACEAE ||苘麻属 Abutilon Miller ||苘麻 Abutilon theophrasti Medik.

8．苘麻（说文、唐本草、图考）苘麻（山西），椿麻（湖北），塘麻（安徽），孔麻（上海）， 青麻（东北），白麻（本草纲目），桐麻（四川、陕西），磨盘草、车轮草（江西）
Abutilon theophrasti Medicus Malv. 28, 1787; Gee & Chien Cat. Pl. Kiangsu 98, 1921; Fernald in Gray’s Man. Bot. ed. 8: 1005, 1950; S. Y. Hu Fl. China Family 153: 31, pl. 8-1-4, 1955; 昆明植物研究所, 云南植物志 2: 205, 1979.——Abutilon avicennae Gaertn. Fruct. 2: 251, t. 135, f. 1, 1791; Debeaux in Act. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux 30: 72, 1875 (Fl, Shanghai); Forbes & Hemsl. , ——in Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot. 23: 86, 1886 (Ind. Fl. Sin. 1) ; Fxanch. Pl. Delav. 107,1889; Gilg in Bot, rJahrb, Engler 34: 51, 1904; Komarov in Act. Hort. Petrop. 30: 31, 1907 (Fl. Mansh. 3) ; Juss. in Siuzev in Trav. Mus. Bot. Acad. Sci. Bt.——Petersb. 9: 117, 1912; Ulbrich in Loes. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 37 (2): 156, 1919; Limpricht in Fedda Repert. Sp. Nov, Fedde Beih. 12: 437, 1922; Liu in Bull. Peking Soc. Nat. Hist. 2 (3): 132, 1928; Hsia in Contr. Inst. Bot. Nat. Nat. Acad. Peiping 1: 58, 1931; Pei .in Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China Bot.9; 182, 1934; 贾祖璋, 中国植物图鉴 433,图7349,1937; 崔友文, 华北经济植物志要312, 1953. ——Sida abutilon Linn. SP. Pl. 685, 1753. ——Sida tiliaefolia Fisch. Cat. Hort. Gorenk. 1808; DC. Prodr, 1: 474, 1824, Bunge in Mem, Acad. Sci. Petersb. Sav. Etrang. 2: 83, 1833 (Enum. Pl. Chiha) .——Abutilon abutilon (Linn.) Huth in Helios 2: 132, 1893; Rusby in Mem. Torr. Bot. Club. 5: 222, 1894. ——sida mollis auct. non Orteg. : Pavolini in Nour. Giorn. Bot. Ital. n. s. 15: 407, 1908.——Abutilon molle auct. non Sweet: Dunn in Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot. 39: 413, 1911.——Abutilon avicennae var. genuina Skvort. in Lingn. Sci. Jour. 6: 220, 1930.——Abutilon theophrasti var. chinense (Skvort.) S. Y. Hu Fl. China Family 153: 32, 1955.——Abutilon avicennae var. chinense Skvort. in Lingn. Sci. Jour. 6: 220, 1930.——Abutilon thoephrasti var. nigrum. (Skvort.) S. Y. Hu l. c.——Abutilon avicennae var. chinense f. nigrum Skvort. in Lingn. Sci. Jour. 6: 220, 1930.
一年生亚灌木状草本，高达1-2米，茎枝被柔毛。叶互生，圆心形，长5-10厘米，先端长渐尖，基部心形，边缘具细圆锯齿，两面均密被星状柔毛；叶柄长3-12厘米，被星状细柔毛；托叶早落。花单生于叶腋，花梗长1-13厘米，被柔毛，近顶端具节；花萼杯状，密被短绒毛，裂片5，卵形，长约6毫米；花黄色，花瓣倒卵形，长约1厘米；雄蕊柱平滑无毛，心皮15-20，长1-1.5厘米，顶端平截，具扩展、被毛的长芒2，排列成轮状，密被软毛。蒴果半球形，直径约2厘米，长约1.2厘米，分果爿15-20，被粗毛，顶端具长芒2；种子肾形，褐色，被星状柔毛。花期7-8月。
我国除青藏高原不产外，其他各省区均产，东北各地有栽培、。常见于路旁、荒地和田野间。分布于越南、印度、日本以及欧洲、北美洲等地区。
本种的茎皮纤维色白，具光泽，可编织麻袋、搓绳索、编麻鞋等纺织材料。种子含油量约15-16％，供制皂、油漆和工业用润滑油；种子作药用称“冬葵子”，润滑性利尿剂，并有通乳汁、消乳腺炎、顺产等功效。全草也作药用。

《云南植物志》|| 锦葵科 Malvaceae ||苘麻属 Abutilon Miller ||苘麻 Abutilon theophrasti Medicus

7．苘麻（说文，唐本草，图考）
白麻（本草纲目），桐麻（川、陕）
Abutilon theophrasti Medicus (1787); Gee & Chien (1921); S. Y. Hu (1955)*.
Abutilon avicennae Gaertn. (1791)*; Debeaux (1875); Forbes & Hemsl. (1886); Franch. (1889); Liu (1928); Hsia (1931); Pei (1934); 中国植物图鉴 (1937)*; Sida abutilon Linn. (1753); Sida tiliaefolia Fisch. (1808); DC. (1824); Bunge (1833); Abutilon abutilon (Linn.)Huth (1893); Rusby (1894); Sida mollis sensu Pavol (1908), non Orteg.; Abutilon molle sensu Dunn (1911), non Sweet; Abutilon avicennae var. genuina Skvort. (1930); Abutilon theophrasti var. chinense (Skvort.)S. Y. Hu (1955); Abutilon avicnnae var. chinense Skvort. (1930); Abutilon theophrasti var. nigrum (Skvort.)S. Y. Hu (1955); Abutilon avicennae var. chinense f. nigrum Skvort. (1930).
一年生亚灌木状草本，高达1－2米，茎秆常被柔毛。叶互生，圆心形，长5－10厘米，先端长渐尖，基部心形，边缘具微细圆锯齿，两面均密被星状柔毛；叶柄长3—12厘米，被星状细柔毛；托叶早落。花单生于叶腋，花梗长约1—3厘米。被柔毛，近端具节；花萼杯状，密被短绒毛，裂片5，卵形，长6毫米；花黄色，花瓣倒卵形，长1厘米，雄蕊柱平滑无毛；心皮15—20，长1－1.5厘米，端平截，具扩展、被毛的长芒2，排列成轮状，密被软毛。蒴果半球形，直径2厘米，长1.2厘米，分果爿15—20，被粗毛；顶端有长芒2；种子肾形，褐色，被星状柔毛。花期7—8月。
云南西南部的临沧、保山等地区，常见于路旁、荒地、田野等处。分布于我国黑龙江、吉林、辽宁，河北、山西、山东、河南、陕西、甘肃、新疆、江苏、浙江、安徽、江西、湖南、湖北、福建、台湾、广东、广西、四川、贵州等省区。也分布至印度，越南，日本以及欧洲，北美洲等地区。
本种茎皮纤维白色，有光泽，可编织麻袋、绳索等纺织材料。种子含油量为16—25%，供制皂、油漆和工业用润滑油；全国药用作“冬葵子“，为润滑性利尿剂，并有通乳汁、消乳腺炎、顺产等功效。全草亦药用。

《Flora of North America》|| Malvaceae || Abutilon || Abutilon theophrasti

16. Abutilon theophrasti Medikus, Malvenfam. 28. 1787.
[I W]

Butterprint, China jute, chingma, Indian hemp, pie-marker, velvetleaf Butterprint, China jute, chingma, Indian hemp, pie-marker, velvetleaf

Sida abutilon Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 685. 1753

Herbs, annual, to 1+ m. Stems erect, stellate-tomentose, without simple hairs. Leaves: stipules lanceolate; petiole subequal to blade; blade concolorous, broadly ovate to suborbiculate, 8–15 cm, ± as long as wide, base cordate, margins crenulate, apex acuminate, surfaces softly pubescent. Inflorescences usually solitary flowers, sometimes cymose or racemose. Flowers: calyx 10 mm, lobes not overlapping, erect in fruit, ovate; corolla pale yellow throughout, petals 8–13 mm; staminal column glabrous; style 13–15-branched. Schizocarps broadly ovoid, 15 × 20 mm; mericarps: apex spinose, spines divergent, 3–6 mm, hirsute. Seeds 3 per mericarp, 3–4 mm, minutely puberulent. 2n = 84.

Flowering summer–fall. Soybean, corn, and cotton fields, naturalized in disturbed sites; 0–1400 m; introduced; Ont.; Ala., Ariz., Ark., Calif., Colo., Conn., Del., Fla., Ga., Idaho, Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., La., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Miss., Mo., Mont., Nebr., Nev., N.H., N.J., N.Mex., N.Y., N.C., N.Dak., Ohio, Okla., Oreg., Pa., R.I., S.C., S.Dak., Tenn., Tex., Utah, Vt., Va., Wash., W.Va., Wis., Wyo.; Europe; Asia.

The history of the introduction of Abutilon theophrasti to North America was recounted by N. R. Spencer (1984). It can be abundant locally, thriving when rich cultivated soils are disturbed, especially in the midwestern region. Interference with crops has been extensive.

《Flora of China》|| Malvaceae || Abutilon ||苘麻 Abutilon theophrasti

7. Abutilon theophrasti Medikus, Malvenfam. 28. 1787.

苘麻 qing ma

Sida abutilon Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 685. 1753; Abutilon avicennae Gaertner, nom. illeg. superfl.; A. avicennae var. chinense Skvortsov; A. avicennae f. nigrum Skvortsov; A. californicum Bentham; A. pubescens Moench; A. theophrasti var. chinense (Skvortsov) S. Y. Hu; A. theophrasti var. nigrum (Skvortsov) S. Y. Hu; A. tiliifolium (Fischer) Sweet; S. tiliifolia Fischer.

Herbs subshrublike, annual, 1-2 m tall. Petiole 3-12 cm, stellate hairy; leaf blade orbicular-cordate, 5-10 cm in diam., both surfaces densely stellate pubescent, base cordate, margin minutely crenate, apex long acuminate. Flowers solitary, axillary, yellow. Pedicel 1-3 cm, pubescent, articulate near apex. Calyx cup-shaped, densely puberulent, lobes 5, ovate, ca. 6 mm. Corolla uniformly yellow; petals obovate, ca. 1 cm. Filament tube glabrous. Ovary 15-20-loculed, 1-1.5 cm, densely pubescent, apex truncate. Capsule semiglobose, ca. 1.2 × 2 cm; mericarps 15-20, stellate pilose, apex 2-awned, awns spreading, 3-5 mm, hairy. Seed reniform, brown, stellate puberulent. Fl. Jul-Aug.

Disturbed areas, neglected fields, also cultivated. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanghai, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xinjiang, Yunnan [India, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, Thailand, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Vietnam; Africa, SW Asia, Australia, Europe, North America].

Abutilon theophrasti is extensively cultivated for its bast fibers, which are used to make string, rope, shoes, rugs, and countless other items; it is also used medicinally for fever, dysentery, and stomachaches. The fiber is known as "China Jute" or "Tientsin Jute."