《中国植物志》|| 山茶科 THEACEAE ||油茶组 Sect. Oleifera Chang Tax. ||油茶 Camellia oleifera Abel

10. 油茶
Camellia oleifera Abel Journ. China 174. 363, cum. ic. p. 174. 1818; Lindley in Bot. Reg. t. 942. 1825; Seely l. c. 204.——Camellia drupifera Lour. Fl. Cochinch. 411. 1790; Dunn & Tutcher Fl. Kwangtung & Hongkong 45, 46. 1912.——Thea oleifera (Abel) Rehd. & Wils. in Sargent. Pl. Wils. 2: 393. 1915.——Thea podogyna Levl. Sert. Yunnan. 2. 1916, et Cat. Pl. Yunnan 271. 1917.——Thea biflora Hayata in Journ. Coll. Sci. Tokyo 30: 44. 1911, et Ic. Pl. Formos. 1: 90. 1911.——Camellia oleosa (Lour.) Wu in Engler Bot. Jahrh. 71: 192. 1940.
灌木或中乔木；嫩枝有粗毛。叶革质，椭圆形，长圆形或倒卵形，先端尖而有钝头，有时渐尖或钝，基部楔形，长5-7厘米，宽2-4厘米，有时较长，上面深绿色，发亮，中脉有粗毛或柔毛，下面浅绿色，无毛或中脉有长毛，侧脉在上面能见，在下面不很明显，边缘有细锯齿，有时具钝齿，叶柄长4-8毫米，有粗毛。花顶生，近于无柄，苞片与萼片约10片，由外向内逐渐增大，阔卵形，长3-12毫米，背面有贴紧柔毛或绢毛，花后脱落，花瓣白色，5-7片，倒卵形，长2.5-3厘米，宽1-2厘米，有时较短或更长，先端凹入或2裂，基部狭窄，近于离生，背面有丝毛，至少在最外侧的有丝毛；雄蕊长1-1.5厘米，外侧雄蕊仅基部略连生，偶有花丝管长达7毫米的，无毛，花药黄色，背部着生；子房有黄长毛，3-5室，花柱长约1厘米，无毛，先端不同程度3裂。蒴果球形或卵圆形，直径2-4厘米，3室或1室，3爿或2爿裂开，每室有种子1粒或2粒，果爿厚3-5毫米，木质，中轴粗厚；苞片及萼片脱落后留下的果柄长3-5毫米，粗大，有环状短节。花期冬春间。
从长江流域到华南各地广泛栽培，是主要木本油料作物。长期栽培，变化较多，花大小不一，蒴果3室或5室，花丝亦出现连生的现象。海南省800米以上的原生森林有野生种，呈中等乔木状。

《云南植物志》|| 山茶科 Theaceae ||山茶属 Camellia L. ||油茶 Camellia oleifera Abel

32.油茶 图版76：1—4
Camellia oleifera Abel (1818); Lindl (1825)*; G. Don (1831); Choisy (1855); Levl. (1914—15); Rehd. (1934), (1937); Bean (1950), ed.; Sealy (1958)*; 海南植物志 (1964); 图鉴 (1972)*; H. T. Chang (1981); 图鉴补编 (1983), in clavi; 云南种子植物名录 (1984); H. T. Chang et B. Bartholomew (1984); 福建植物志 (1987); 贵州植物志 (1988); 四川植物志 (1989)*; 广西植物志 (1991)*; 云南树木图志 (1991)*; 广东植物志 (1991); 浙江植物志 (1993)*.
Camellia drupifera Lour. (1790); Forbes et Hemsl. (1886); Dunn et Tutcher (1912); Thea biflora Hayata (1911); Th. oleifera (Abel) Rehd. et Wils. in Sargent (1915); Levl. (1915—16); Th. podogyna Levl. (1916), (1917); Nakai (1940); Camellia biflora (Hayata) Cohen Stuart (1916); Makino (1918); Nakai (1940); C. podogyna (Levl.) Melchior in Engl. (1925); Camellia oleosa (Lour.) Y. C. Wu in Engl. (1940); 广州植物志 (1956); Thea oleosa auct. non Lour.: Rehd. (1925); Hand.-Mazz. (1931); 陈嵘 (1937)*.
灌木或小乔木，高1—5（—8）米；幼枝密被短柔毛，一年生枝变无毛，紫褐色或灰褐色。叶革质或厚革质，椭圆形、长圆状椭圆形或倒卵状椭圆形，长4—9厘米，宽2—4厘米，先端渐尖或急尖，基部阔楔形，边缘具锯齿，叶面深绿色，具光泽，沿中脉被微硬毛或变无毛，背面淡绿色，干后呈黄绿色，无毛或近基部疏生柔毛，中脉两面突起，侧脉两面不显或在表面略突；叶柄长4—7毫米，被短柔毛。花1—2朵生于小枝上部叶腋，白色，径3—5厘米，无花梗；小苞片和萼片9—11枚，自外向内增大，星月形、半圆形或卵圆形，长1—11毫米，外面常被金黄色绢状绒毛，里面无毛，花后脱落；花瓣5—7枚，基部近离生，倒卵形或倒披针状楔形，长2.5—3.5厘米，宽1.5—2厘米，先端倒心形或2深裂；雄蕊长1—1.5厘米，无毛，外轮花丝基部多少连合，长3—5毫米；子房密被绒毛，花柱长约1厘米，无毛或基部略被毛，先端3浅或深裂。蒴果近球形，径2—3.5厘米，3室，果瓣木质，厚3—5毫米；种子半球形，褐色，有光泽。花期11月至次年1月，果期9—10月。
产盈江、潞西、福贡、景洪、勐腊、元江、元阳、屏边、马关、西畴、砚山、广南、师宗、富源、大关、盐津、永善、绥江；生于海拔900—1500（—2100）米的杂木林下或灌丛中，全省大部地区有栽培；长江以南各省区均有自然分布，最北到达陕西南部，各地也见广泛栽培。
分布于中南半岛。
油茶是重要的木本油料植物，种子含油量高，是优良的食用油，我国有悠久的栽培和利用历史；果壳富含单宁、皂素和糠醛。

《Flora of China》|| Theaceae || Camellia ||油茶 Camellia oleifera

95. Camellia oleifera C. Abel, Narr. Journey China. 174. 1818.

油茶 you cha

Camellia oleifera var. monosperma Hung T. Chang; C. drupifera Loureiro f. biflora (Hayata) S. S. Ying; Thea biflora Hayata; T. oleifera (C. Abel) Rehder & E. H. Wilson; T. podogyna H. Léveillé; T. sasanqua (Thunberg) Cels var. loureiroi Pierre.

Shrubs or trees, 1-5(-8) m tall. Young branches grayish brown; current year branchlets reddish brown, pubescent. Petiole 5-10 mm, pubescent; leaf blade elliptic, oblong-elliptic, or obovate, 3-10(-12) × 2-4(-5) cm, leathery to rigidly leathery, abaxially pale green, sparsely pilose along midvein or glabrous, and becoming yellowish green when dry, adaxially dark green, shiny, and hirtellous along midvein, midvein raised on both surfaces, secondary veins 5-8 on each side of midvein, abaxially obscure, and adaxially raised, base broadly cuneate to cuneate, margin serrate to serrulate, apex acute to acuminate and with an obtuse tip. Flowers axillary or subterminal, solitary or paired, 4-6 cm in diam., subsessile. Bracteoles and sepals 8-11, caducous; outer bracteoles and sepals lunate to semiorbicular, scalelike, 1-3 mm, glabrous or subglabrous; inner bracteoles and sepals obovate to suborbicular, 0.9-1.2 cm, outside yellow tomentose, inside glabrous, margin membranous and ciliolate. Petals 5-7, white, nearly distinct, obovate, oblong-obovate, or oblanceolate, 2.5-3.5(-4.5) × 1.5-2.5(-3) cm, apically 2-parted. Stamens ca. 1.5 cm, glabrous; outer filament whorl basally connate for ca. 5 mm. Ovary globose, 2-3 mm in diam., white tomentose, 3-loculed; style 0.8-1.2 cm, glabrous or base tomentose, apically 3-lobed to 3-parted. Capsule globose to ellipsoid, 2-4 cm in diam., 1-3-loculed with 1 or 2 seeds per locule; pericarp 3-6 mm thick, villous, splitting into 2 or 3 valves. Seeds brown to reddish brown, globose to semiglobose, 1.5-2 cm in diam. Fl. Dec-Jan, fr. Sep-Oct. 2n = 30, 45, 60, 90.

Forests, thickets; (200-)500-1800 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, S Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [N Laos, N Myanmar, N Vietnam].

This species is extensively cultivated as an oil seed. Because of its long cultivation in China, it is often difficult to know if particular collections are wild, cultivated, or escaped. For this reason the original wild distribution is uncertain although it is possibly in the region of S Qin Ling to the Huai He valley. Camellia oleifera is the hardiest species in the genus and has the farthest north distribution.