《中国植物志》|| 锦葵科 MALVACEAE ||黄花稔属 Sida Linn. ||白背黄花稔 Sida rhombifolia L.

5.白背黄花稔 黄花母雾（猛）（广东），“亚母头”（广西壮语）
Sida rhombifolia Linn. Sp. Pl. 684, 1753; Cavan. Diss. 1: 23, t. 3, f. 12, 1787; Masters in Hook. f. , Fl. Brit. Ind.1: 323, 1874; Forbes & Hemsl. in Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot. 23: 85, 1886 (Ind. Fl. Sin. 1); Matsum. & Hayata in Jour. Coll. Sci. Univ. Tokyo 22: 52, 1906 (Enum. Pl. Formosa); Gagnep. in Lect., Fl. Gen. Indo-Chine 1: 405, 1910; Hayata Ic. Pl. Formosa: 96, 1911; Masamune & al. in Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa 25: 419, 1935; S. Y. Hu Fl. China Family 153: 20, Pl. 5-1-4, 1955; 侯宽昭, 广州植物志246, 1956; 陈焕镛, 海南植物志2: 92. 1965; 昆明植物研究所，云南植物志2: 194. 1979.
直立亚灌木，高约1米，分枝多，枝被星状绵毛。叶菱形或长圆状披针形，长25-45毫米，宽6-20毫米，先端浑圆至短尖，基部宽楔形，边缘具锯齿，上面疏被星状柔毛至近无毛，下面被灰白色星状柔毛；叶柄长3-5毫米，被星状柔毛；托叶纤细，刺毛状，与叶栖近等长。花单生于叶腋，花梗长1-2厘米，密被星状柔毛，中部以上有节；萼杯形，长4-5毫米，被星状短绵毛，裂片5，三角形；花黄色，直径约1厘米，花瓣倒卵形，长约8毫米，先端圆，基部狭；雄蕊柱无毛，疏被腺状乳突，长约5毫米，花柱分枝8-10。果半球形，直径6-7毫米，分果爿8-10，被星状柔毛，顶端具2短芒。花期秋冬季。
产台湾、福建、广东、广西、贵州、云南、四川和湖北等省区。常生于山坡灌丛间、旷野和沟谷两岸。分布于越南、老挝、柬埔寨和印度等地区。全草入药用，有消炎解毒、祛风除湿、止痛之功。
本种与拔毒散 S. szechuensis Matsuda 很相似，但本种叶柄较短，花单生于叶腋，和雄蕊柱无毛而与后者不同。

《云南植物志》|| 锦葵科 Malvaceae ||黄花稔属 Sida Linn. ||白背黄花稔 Sida rhombifolia Linn.

5．白背黄花稔
Sida rhombifolia Linn. (1753); Cavan. (1787)*; Masters in Hook. f. (1874); Forbes & Hemsl. (1886); Matsum. & Hayata (1906); Gagnep. (1910); Hayata (1911); Masamune & al. (1935); S. Y. Hu (1955)*; 广州植物志 (1956).
直立多枝亚灌木，高1米，小枝被星状绵毛。叶菱形或长圆状披针形，长25—45毫米，宽6—20毫米，先端短尖至浑圆，基部阔楔形，具锯齿，上面疏被星状柔毛或几无毛，下面被灰白色星状柔毛；叶柄长3—5毫米，被星状柔毛；托叶纤细，刺毛状，约与叶柄近等长。花单生于叶腋，花梗长1—2厘米，密被星状柔毛，中部以上有节；萼杯形，长4—5毫米，被星状绵毛，萼裂5，三角形；花冠黄色，直径约1厘米，花瓣倒卵形，长8毫米，先端圆，基部狭；雄蕊柱无毛，疏被腺状乳突，长5毫米，花柱分枝8—10。果半球形，直径6—7毫米，分果爿8—10，被星状柔毛，端具2短芒。花期秋冬季。
云南河口、元江、景洪、勐海、潞西等县，在海拔110—1200米的山谷草地、村旁灌丛中。分布于台湾、福建、广东、广西、四川及湖北等省区。也分布至越南、老挝、柬埔寨、印度和菲律宾等地。
本种和拔毒散 S. szechuensis Matsuda 极近似，但叶柄较短，花单生于叶腋，以及雄蕊柱无毛而不同。
全草或根药用，有消炎解毒，祛风除湿，拔毒止痛等功效。

《Flora of North America》|| Malvaceae || Sida || Sida rhombifolia

13. Sida rhombifolia Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 684. 1753.
[I W]

Arrowleaf sida, axocatzín, Cuba jute, escobilla, huinar Arrowleaf sida, axocatzín, Cuba jute, escobilla, huinar

Sida hondensis Kunth; S. rhomboidea Roxburgh

Subshrubs, 1 m. Stems erect, stellate-puberulent, hairs to 0.1 mm. Leaves: stipules free from petiole, 1-veined, subulate, 5–6 mm, subequal to petiole; petiole 5–7 mm, 1/10–1/4 length of blade, stellate-puberulent; blade ± rhombic, 2.5–9 cm, smaller distally, 2–3(–4) times longer than wide, base usually cuneate, sometimes somewhat truncate to subcordate, margins serrate distally, entire basally, apex acute to subobtuse, surfaces stellate-puberulent or glabrescent adaxially. Inflorescences axillary solitary flowers. Pedicels slender, (1–)3–4 cm, 4–6 times length of calyx, much shorter than to ± equaling subtending leaf, at least distalmost. Flowers: calyx ribbed, 5–6 mm, puberulent, lobes ovate; petals yellow, 7–9 mm; staminal column hairy; style 10–14-branched. Schizocarps subconic, 4–5 mm diam., glabrous; mericarps 10–14, 3–4 mm, laterally reticulate, apex muticous to spined, sometimes 1-spined through failure of dehiscence, glabrous. 2n = 14, 28.

Flowering year-round in warmer localities. Disturbed sites, roadsides, pastures, urban areas; 0–1500 m; introduced; Ala., Ark., Fla., Ga., Kans., La., Miss., N.C., Okla., S.C., Tex., Va.; s Asia (China); introduced also in Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South America, tropical Africa, Pacific Islands (Philippines, Polynesia), Australia.

Sida rhombifolia is found occasionally on ballast in New Jersey and Pennsylvania. It is a common weed in warm-temperate, subtropical, and tropical areas; its genetic diversity seems to indicate that it was introduced from the Old World. The species has been cultivated for medicinal and cordage use.

《Flora of China》|| Malvaceae || Sida ||白背黄花稔 Sida rhombifolia

5. Sida rhombifolia Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 684. 1753.

白背黄花稔 bai bei huang hua ren

Malva rhombifolia (Linnaeus) E. H. L. Krause; Sida alba Cavanilles (1785), not Linnaeus (1763); S. insularis Hatusima; S. rhombifolia subsp. insularis (Hatusima) Hatusima; S. rhombifolia var. rhomboidea (Roxburgh ex Fleming) Masters; S. rhomboidea Roxburgh ex Fleming.

Subshrubs erect or prostrate, many branched, to ca. 1 m tall. Branchlets stellate. Stipules spinelike, 3-5 mm; petiole 2-5(-8) mm, stellate puberulent; leaf blade rhombic to oblong-lanceolate or obovate, rarely linear-lanceolate, 1-4.5 × 0.6-2 cm, abaxially gray-white stellate pilose, adaxially sparsely stellate pilose to subglabrous, base broadly cuneate, margin dentate, apex obtuse to acute. Flowers solitary, axillary. Pedicel 1-2.5 cm, densely stellate tomentose, articulate above middle. Calyx cup-shaped, 4-5 mm, abaxially stellate pubescent, lobes triangular, apices acute. Corolla ca. 1 cm in diam.; petals yellow, obovate, ca. 8 mm, base attenuate, apex rounded. Filament tube 4-5 mm, glabrous. Style branches 8-10. Fruit semiglobose to broadly turbinate, 6-7 mm in diam.; mericarps 7-10, 2.5-3 mm excluding awn, shallowly grooved to near base, eventually dehiscent, side walls usually thin, not veined, stellate puberulent, apex usually (1 or)2-awned, awns to 1.5 mm. Seeds reniform, ca. 2 mm, blackish. Fl. autumn-winter.

Scrub, open slopes, streamsides. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hubei, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan [Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Laos, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam; pantropical].

The entire plant is used medicinally.

Sida rhombifolia is the type species of the genus Sida. The taxonomy of this species/species complex is controversial and is discussed by Verdcourt (Kew Bull. 59: 233-239. 2005). The lectotype of S. rhombifolia almost certainly came from Jamaica, not India as suggested by some authors, and is a match with neither African nor Asian material. Verdcourt recognized six varieties for East African material, differing most obviously in mericarp morphology: most notably the degree of dehiscence, which varies from completely indehiscent to dehiscing by an apical slit to breaking into two valves, the degree of sculpturing, and the presence or not of awns. Chinese material appears to have a comparable range of variation, though many collections lack fully mature mericarps, and more detailed studies could lead to the recognition of more, comparable taxa.

Hu (Fl. China, Malvaceae [Fam. 153], 20-21. 1955) recognized two varieties, var. rhombifolia and var. corynocarpa (Wallich ex Masters) S. Y. Hu (Fl. China, Malvaceae [Fam. 153], 20. 1955), differing only in minor quantitative characters. The validity of var. corynocarpa is open to question, as Masters (Fl. Brit. India 1: 324. 1874) only mentioned the supposed basionym "Sida corynocarpa" in a note under S. rhombifolia var. retusa and therefore cannot be said to have accepted it as a species. Plants with prostrate stems from Taiwan, Japan (Ryukyu Islands), and the Philippines have been placed in S. rhombifolia subsp. insularis. Their status needs more detailed investigation. Borssum Waalkes included S. alnifolia Linnaeus within S. rhombifolia as var. retusa.

Hu 12784, from Hong Kong, has 10 indehiscent mericarps per flower, each with a single awn, suggesting a relationship to Sida rhombifolia var. maderensis (Lowe) Lowe (S. maderensis Lowe; S. unicornis Marais). That taxon has rather more strongly sculptured mericarps than Hu 12784, which might represent a distinct taxon.