《中国植物志》|| 罂粟科 PAPAVERACEAE ||罂粟属 Papaver L. ||罂粟 Papaver somniferum L.

1.罂粟（本草图经、本草纲目）鸦片、大烟、米壳花、罂子粟（本草纲目拾遗），御米、象谷、米囊、囊子（开宝本草），阿芙蓉（滇南本草）图版12：4-5
Papaver somniferum L. Sp. pl. ed. 1: 508. 1753; DC. Prodr. 1: 118. 1824; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 1: 117. 1875; Fedde in Engl. Pflanzenr. 4: 338, fig. 37. A. 1909; in Engl. et Prantl Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2/17b: 112, fig. 58. 1936; Fl. URSS 7: 644. 1937；Fl. Europ. 1: 247. 1964；秦岭植物志1 (2): 365. 1974；云南植物志2: 44, 图版14: 3. 1979；湖北植物志2: 9. 1979；东北草本植物志4: 11. 1980；新疆植物检索表2: 334. 1980;江苏植物志, 下: 217,图1071. 1982;云南种子植物名录, 上册: 170. 1984;西藏植物志2: 222,图74: 4-5. 1985;福建植物志2: 157. 1985；安徽植物志2: 430, 图759. 1986；河南植物志2: 7, 图719. 1988；P. Y. Fu in Bull. Bot. Research 9 (2): 19. 1989；贵州植物志4: 181, 图版68: 3. 1989；广西植物志1: 406, 图版168: 1-2. 1991；浙江植物志3: 6, 图3-7. 1993.
一年生草本，无毛或稀在植株下部或总花梗上被极少的刚毛，高30-60 (-100)厘米，栽培者可达1.5米。主根近圆锥状，垂直。茎直立，不分枝，无毛，具白粉。叶互生，叶片卵形或长卵形，长7-25厘米，先端渐尖至钝，基部心形，边缘为不规则的波状锯齿，两面无毛，具白粉，叶脉明显，略突起；下部叶具短柄，上部叶无柄、抱茎。花单生；花梗长达25厘米，无毛或稀散生刚毛。花蕾卵圆状长圆形或宽卵形，长1.5-3.5厘米，宽1-3厘米，无毛；萼片2，宽卵形，绿色，边缘膜质；花瓣4，近圆形或近扇形，长4-7厘米，宽3-11厘米，边缘浅波状或各式分裂，白色、粉红色、红色、紫色或杂色；雄蕊多数，花丝线形，长1-1.5厘米，白色，花药长圆形，长3-6毫米，淡黄色；子房球形，直径1-2厘米，绿色，无毛，柱头（5-）8-12（-18），辐射状，连合成扁平的盘状体，盘边缘深裂，裂片具细圆齿。蒴果球形或长圆状椭圆形，长4-7厘米，直径4-5厘米，无毛，成熟时褐色。种子多数，黑色或深灰色，表面呈蜂窝状。花果期3-11月。
原产南欧，我国许多地区有关药物研究单位有栽培。印度、缅甸、老挝及泰国北部也有栽培。
花大，色艳，重瓣的栽培品种为庭园观赏植物。未成熟果实含乳白色浆液，制干后即为鸦片，和果壳均含吗啡、可待因、罂粟碱等多种生物碱，加工入药，有敛肺、涩肠、止咳、止痛和催眠等功效，治久咳、久泻、久痢、脱肛、心腹筋骨诸痛；种子榨油可供食用。

《云南植物志》|| 罂粟科 Papaveraceae ||罂粟属 Papaver L. ||罂粟 Papaver somniferum L.

2．罂粟 图版14，3
鸦片、大烟
Papaver somniferum L. (1753); DC. (1824); Hook. (1872); Fedde in Engl. (1909)*; in Engl. et Prantl (1936)*.
一年生草本，无毛或稀在植物体下部或总花便上具极少的刚毛，高30—60厘米，栽培者可达1.5米。根通常单式，垂直。茎直立，不分枝，无毛，具白粉。叶互生，心形，长7－25厘米，先端渐尖或钝，基部心形，边缘为不整齐的波状锯齿，两面无毛，具粉，叶脉明显，略突起；上部叶抱茎，下部叶具短柄。花梗长可达25厘米，无毛或稀具极疏的刚毛；花芽卵圆状长圆形或阔卵形，长1.5—3.5厘米，宽1—3厘米，无毛；萼片2，阔卵形，绿色，边缘膜质；花瓣大，近圆形或近扇形，长4—7厘米，宽3－11厘米，边缘浅波状或各种分裂，白色、粉红色、红色至紫色或什色；雄蕊多数，花丝线形，长1—1.5厘米，白色，花药长圆形，长0.3—0.6厘米，淡黄色；子房球形，径1-2厘米，无毛，柱头（5-）8—12（-18），辐射状。蒴果球形或长圆状椭圆形，长4－7厘米，径4—5厘米，无毛；花盘平扁，边缘深裂．裂片具细圆齿。种子多数，黑色或深灰色，具粗蜂窝状。
原产南欧，我国及印度许多地方有栽培，昆明、丽江等地也有栽培。
花大色艳，为庭园观赏植物。
果肉含乳汁，干燥后即为鸦片，有麻醉止痛、催眠镇痉、止泻止咳的功效；果壳及种子亦可用；种子榨油可供食用。

《Flora of China》|| Papaveraceae || Papaver ||罂粟 Papaver somniferum

1. Papaver somniferum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 508. 1753.

罂粟 ying su

Herbs, annual, 30-60(-100) cm tall (to 1.5 m in cultivation), glabrous or rarely slightly setose on plant below or on peduncle. Taproot erect, almost conical. Stems erect, glaucous, glabrous, occasionally somewhat setose. Leaves alternate; blade ovate or oblong, 7-25 cm, both surfaces glabrous, glaucous and rather waxy, veins distinct, slightly raised, base cordate, margin irregularly undulate-serrate, apex acuminate to obtuse; leaves below shortly petiolate but above sessile and amplexicaul. Flowers solitary, deeply cup-shaped, 5-12 cm in diam. Pedicel to 25 cm, glabrous or rarely sparsely setose. Flower buds nutant at first, erect at anthesis, oval-oblong or broadly ovoid, 1.5-3.5 × 1-3 cm, glabrous. Sepals 2, green, broadly ovate, margin membranous. Petals 4, white, pink, red, purple, or various, often with a dark basal blotch, suborbicular or almost flabellate, 4-7 × 3-11 cm, margin undulate or variously lobed. Stamens many; filaments white, linear, 1-1.5 cm; anthers yellowish or cream, oblong, 3-6 mm. Ovary green, spherical, 1-2 cm in diam., glabrous; stigmas 5-12(-18), actinomorphic, united into compressed disk, disk margin deeply divided, lobes crenulate. Capsule brown when mature, spherical or oblong-elliptic, 4-9 × 4-5 cm, glabrous. Seeds many, black or deep gray, adaxially alveolate. Fl. Mar-Aug. 2n = 18, 22-23, 25, 32.

Cultivated at many medicinal institutes in China and also illegally [cultivated in Afghanistan, India, Laos, Myanmar, and N Thailand; native to S Europe where it is also widely cultivated ornamentally and for the pharmaceutical industry].

This species is the source of heroin, morphine, and other alkaloids used in the drug trade and in medicine. The seeds are widely used as a condiment.

《Flora of North America》|| Papaveraceae || Papaver || Papaver somniferum

14. Papaver somniferum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 508. 1753.

Opium poppy, common poppy, pavot (commun

Plants to 15 dm, glabrate, glaucous. Stems simple or branching. Leaves to 30 cm; blade sometimes sparsely setose abaxially on midrib; margins usually shallowly to deeply toothed. Inflorescences: peduncle often sparsely setose. Flowers: petals white, pink, red, or purple, often with dark or pale basal spot, to 6 cm; anthers pale yellow; stigmas 5-18, disc ± flat. Capsules stipitate, subglobose, not ribbed, to 9 cm, glaucous.

Flowering spring-summer. Fields, clearings, stream banks, railroads, roadsides, and other disturbed sites; 0-1300 m; introduced; Greenland; Alta., B.C., Man., N.B., Nfld., N.S., Ont., Que., Sask.; Ariz., Calif., Conn., Ill., Mass., Maine, Mich., Minn., Mo., N.H., N.J., N.Mex., N.Y., N.C., N.Dak., Ohio, Oreg., Pa., Tex., Utah, Vt., Va.; Europe; Asia.

Unknown in the wild, Papaver somniferum probably came originally from southeastern Europe and/or southwestern Asia. It has been cultivated for centuries as the source of opium (and its modern derivatives heroin, morphine, and codeine), and also for edible seeds and oil. Various color forms with laciniate and/or doubled petals are grown for ornament. Widely introduced from cultivation and also as a crop weed, it should be expected elsewhere in the flora.

SELECTED REFERENCES

Danert, S. 1958. Zur Systematik von Papaver somniferum L. Kulturpflanze 6: 61-88.