《中国植物志》|| 兰科 ORCHIDACEAE ||手参属 Gymnadenia R. Br. ||手参 Gymnadenia conopsea (L.) R. Br.

1．手参（种子植物名称）
Gymnadenia conopsea (L.) R. Br. in Aiton, Hort. Kew ed. 2.5: 191. 1813; Rolfe in J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 36: 52. 1903; Schltr. in Fedde Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 4: 104. 1919; Nevski in Fl. USSR 4: 668, t, 40. fig. 14. 1935;秦岭植物志1(1): 410,图398. 1976; 中国高等植物图鉴5: 631, 图8091. 1976; 西藏植物志5: 716, 图377. 1987;横断山区维管植物2: 2536. 1994;内蒙古植物志第二版, 5: 572.图版241. 1994; 东北植物检索表(第二版), 897.图版453: 4. 1995.——Orchis conopsea L., Sp. Pl. ed. 1, 942. 1753.——Gymnadenia sibirica Turcz. ex Lindl. , Gen. Sp. Orch. Pl. 277. 1835. ——Cymnadenia conopsea(L. )R. Br. var. ussuriensis Regel. in Tent. Fl. Ussur. 474. 1861; Schltr. in Fedde Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 4: 105. 1919, nom. subnudum, syn. nov. ——Habenaria conopsea(L. )Benth. in J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 18: 354. 1880, non Rchb. f. ——Habenaria microgymnadenia Kraenzl. in Bot. Jahrb. 36 (Beibl. 82): 23. 1905, syn. nov. ——Gymnadenia conopsea(L. )R. Br. var. latifolia Schltr. in Fedde Repert. Sp. Nov. 16: 279. 1919, syn. nov.
植株高20-60厘米。块茎椭圆形，长1-3.5厘米，肉质，下部掌状分裂，裂片细长。茎直立，圆柱形，基部具2-3枚筒状鞘，其上具4-5枚叶，上部具1至数枚苞片状小叶。叶片线状披针形、狭长圆形或带形，长5.5-15厘米，宽1-2（-2.5）厘米，先端渐尖或稍钝，基部收狭成抱茎的鞘。总状花序具多数密生的花，圆柱形，长5.5-15厘米；花苞片披针形，直立伸展，先端长渐尖成尾状，长于或等长于花；子房纺锤形，顶部稍弧曲，连花梗长约8毫米；花粉红色，罕为粉白色；中萼片宽椭圆形或宽卵状椭圆形，长3.5-5毫米，宽3-4毫米，先端急尖，略呈兜状，具3脉；侧萼片斜卵形，反折，边缘向外卷，较中萼片稍长或几等长，先端急尖，具3脉，前面的1条脉常具支脉；花瓣直立，斜卵状三角形，与中萼片等长，与侧萼片近等宽，边缘具细锯齿，先端急尖，具3脉，前面的1条脉常具支脉，与中萼片相靠；唇瓣向前伸展，宽倒卵形，长4-5毫米，前部3裂，中裂片较侧裂片大，三角形，先端钝或急尖；距细而长，狭圆筒形，下垂，长约1厘米，稍向前弯，向末端略增粗或略渐狭，长于子房；花粉团卵球形，具细长的柄和粘盘，粘盘线状披针形。花期6-8月。
产黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、内蒙古、河北、山西、陕西、甘肃东南部、四川西部至北部、云南西北部、西藏东南部（察隅）。生于海拔265-4700米的山坡林下、草地或砾石滩草丛中。朝鲜半岛、日本、俄罗斯西伯利亚至欧洲一些国家也有。模式标本采自欧洲。
块茎药用。有补肾益精、理气止痛之效。

《云南植物志》|| 兰科 Orchidaceae ||手参属 Gymnadenia R. Br. ||手参 Gymnadenia conopsea (L.) R. Br. in Ait.

1.手参（云南种子植物名录）图版62: 1—3
佛手参、虎掌参（本草纲目拾遗）
Gymnadenia conopsea (L.) R. Br. in Ait. (1813); Lindl. (1830—40); Ledeb. (1842); Franch. (1884); Kraenzl. (1901); Rolfe (1903); Schltr. (1919); Nevski (1935)*; 秦岭植物志 (1976)*; 图鉴 (1976)*; H. Hara et al. (1978); Kitagawa (1979); 西藏植物志 (1987)*; 横断山区维管植物 (1994); 内蒙古植物志 (1994)*; 东北植物检索表 (1995)*; 中国植物志 (1999).
Orchis conopsea L. (1753); Habenaria conopsea (L.) Benth. (1880) non Rchb. f.; Gymnadenia sibirica Turcz. ex Lindl. (1835); G. conopsea (L.) R. Br. var. ussuriensis Regel (1861) Regel. in Tent. (1861); Schltr. (1919) nom. subnudum; Habenaria microgymnadenia Kraenzl. (1905); G. conopsea (L.) R. Br. var. latifolia Schltr. (1919).
植株高20—48厘米。块茎椭圆形，肉质，长1—3.5厘米，下部掌状分裂，裂片细长。茎直立，圆柱形，基部具2—3枚筒状鞘，其上具4—5枚叶，上部具2—3枚苞片状小叶；叶片线状披针形、狭长圆形或带形，长5.5—15厘米，宽1—2厘米，先端渐尖或钝，基部收狭为抱茎的鞘。总状花序具多数密生的花，圆柱形，长5—5—7（—15）厘米；花苞片卵状披针形，长1.5厘米，宽4—5毫米，下部的长于子房和花；子房纺锤形，连花梗长约8毫米；花淡红色；中萼片宽椭圆形或宽卵状披针形，长3.5—5毫米，宽3—4毫米，先端急尖，略呈兜状，3脉；侧萼片斜卵形，反折，边缘外卷，先端急尖，等长或稍长于中裂片，3脉；花瓣直立斜卵状三角形，3.5—5毫米，宽约4毫米，边缘具细锯齿，先端急尖，3脉，与中萼片相靠；唇瓣前伸，宽倒卵形，长4—5毫米，前部3裂，中裂片较侧裂片大，三角形，先端钝或急尖；距细而长，细圆筒形，下垂，长约1厘米，略前弯长于子房；花粉团卵球形，具细长的柄和黏盘，黏盘线状披针形。花期7月。
产中甸；生于海拔3400米的草地。分布于西藏、四川、甘肃、陕西、山西、河北、内蒙古、辽宁、吉林、黑龙江。俄罗斯西伯利亚、朝鲜半岛、日本和欧洲均有分布。
根入药，用于肺虚咳嗽、虚痨消瘦、神经衰弱、久泻、失血、带下、乳少、慢性肝炎。

《Flora of China》|| Orchidaceae || Gymnadenia ||手参 Gymnadenia conopsea

1. Gymnadenia conopsea (Linnaeus) R. Brown in W. T. Aiton, Hortus Kew., ed. 2. 5: 191. 1813.

手参 shou shen

Orchis conopsea Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 942. 1753; Gymnadenia conopsea var. latifolia Schlechter; G. conopsea var. ussuriensis Regel; G. sibirica Turczaninow ex Lindley; Habenaria conopsea (Linnaeus) Bentham.

Plants slender to robust, 20-60 cm tall. Tubers ovoid, 1-3.5 cm, with many short, slender lobes. Stem stout, with 2 or 3 tubular sheaths at base and 3-5 cauline leaves. Leaves widely spaced or clustered, linear-lanceolate, narrowly oblong, or lorate, 5.5-20 × 0.8-2(-2.5) cm, apex acuminate to subobtuse. Inflorescence 11-26 cm, slender; peduncle with 1 to a few scattered, lanceolate bracts 1.5-6 cm; rachis 4-12 cm, densely many flowered; floral bracts lanceolate, often longer than ovary and flower, apex long acuminate-caudate. Flowers fragrant, pink, rarely pinkish white; ovary 5-8 mm including pedicel. Dorsal sepal broadly elliptic to broadly ovate-elliptic, 3.5-5 × 3-4 mm, 3-veined, slightly concave, apex acute; lateral sepals reflexed, obliquely ovate, 4-5.5 × 3-4 mm, 3-veined, margin revolute, apex acute. Petals obliquely ovate-triangular, 3.5-5 × 3-4 mm, 3-veined, apex acute; lip spreading, broadly cuneate-obovate, 4-5 × 4-5 mm, 3-lobed at apex; lateral lobes elliptic to broadly ovate, 1.8-3 mm wide, apex obtuse or occasionally truncate; mid-lobe triangular, 1-2 mm wide, usually smaller than lateral lobes, apex obtuse to acute; spur pendulous, curved forward, 10-14 mm, exceeding ovary, slender. Column 1-1.5 mm; viscidia linear-oblong. Fl. Jul-Aug. 2n = 30, 40, 42, 80, 100, 120.

Forests, grasslands, waterlogged meadows; 200-4700 m. SE Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shanxi, N and W Sichuan, SE Xizang, NW Yunnan [Japan, Korea, Russia; Europe].

The extensive extra-Chinese synonymy is not cited here.