《中国植物志》|| 木贼科 EQUISETACEAE ||问荆亚属 Subgen. Equisetum ||问荆 Equisetum arvense L.

6.问荆 图版71: 3-5
Equisetum arvense L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1061. 1753; C. B. Clarke in Trans. Linn. Soc. II. Bot. 1: 594. 1880; Baker, Handb. Fern Allies 2. 1887: Christ in Bull. Acad. Geor-gr. Bot. 11: 271. 1902; C. Chr. in Meddel. Fran Goteb. Bot. Tr. 44: 108. 1924; Iljinin Kom., Fl. URSS. 1: 103. 1934: Schaffner et L. C. Li in Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. Bot. 9: 132. 1939; Rothm. in Fedde, Repert. Sp. Nov. 54: 77. 1944; S. H. Fu, Ill. Important Chinese Pl., Pterid. 15, f. 21. 1957; Herb. Pl. Northeast China 1: 13, f. 14. 1958; Tagawa, Col. Ill. Jap. Pterid. 23, Pl. 6: 33. 1959, et in Hara, F. E. Hi－mal. 2: 197. 1971; Valentine in Fl. Europ. 1: 8. 1964; Davis, Fl. Turk. ＆ E. Eage. Isl. 33. 1965; Ic. Corm. Sin. 1: 117, f. 233. 1972: Fl. Tsinling. 2: 24, Pl. 4: 1-4. 1974; C. N. Page in Fern Gaz. 11 (1): 31, f. 6. 1974; Y. L. Chang et al., SporaePterid. Sin. 51, pl. 5: 30-32, 1976: Fl. Jiangsu 1: 15. 1977; Fl. Henan 1: 10. f. 13. 1981; Nakaike, N. Fl. Jap. Pterid. 2, f. 2a-2c. 1982: a-c Fl. Xizang. 1: 31, f. 10: 3-5. 1983; Bartholomew et al. in Journ. Arn. Arb. 64 (1): 17. 1983; Dixit, CensusInd. Pterid. 19. 1984; Fl. Intramong. 1: 61, Pl. 4: 1-6. 1985; Kurata et Nakaike, Ill. Pterid. Jap. 4: 2. 1985: H. S. Kung, Fl. Sichuan. 6: 88, pl. 25: 3-5. 1988; Fl. Liaoning 1: 20, pl. 4. 1988; Fl. Shangdon 1: 25, f. 7. 1991; Fl. Xinjiang 1: 9, Pl. 2: 1-6. 1992; Nakaike et Malik in Cryp. Fl. Pakist. 1: 262. 1992: K. Iwats., FernsFern Allies Jap. 58, Pl. 14: 1-3. 1992; W. M. Chu et S. G. Lu in H. Li, Fl. Du-longjiang Reg. 3. 1993; Fl. Jiangxi 1: 40, f. 29. 1993; Fl. Zhejiang 1: 20, f. 1-22. 1993; Nakaike et Malik in Cryp. Fl. Pakist. 2: 318. 1993; Keys Vasc. Pl. Wuling Mts. 9. 1995. ——E. campestre Schultz in Prodr. Fr. Starg. Suppl. 1: 59. 1819. ——E. arvense L. var. campestre Milde in Bot. Zeitschr. 848. 1951; Christ in Bull. Acad. Ge－ogr. Bot. 11: 271. 1902: J. z. Wang in Journ. Hebei Forest Coll. 5 (2): 11. 1990. ——E. boreale Bong. in Mem. Acad. Sci. Petersb. 4 (2): 174. 1831. ——E. arzense L.var. boreale (Bong.) Rupr. Crypt. Vasc. Ross. 19. 1845; S. X. Li et J. Z. Wang, l. c. 22. ——E. arvense L. subsp. boreale (Bong.) A. Loeve in Matturufr. 18: 101. 1948. ——E. arvense L. var. ramulosum Rupr. Beitr. Pflanz. Russ. Reich. 3: 19. 1845; J. z. Wang, l. c. ——E. arzezse L. f. ramulosum (Rupr.) Klinge in Arch. Nat. Liv. Est. u. Curl. 11 (8): 369. 1882. ——E. arvense L. subsp. ramulosum (Rupr.) Rapp. in Amer. Fern J. 37: 21. 1947.
中小型植物。根茎斜升，直立和横走，黑棕色，节和根密生黄棕色长毛或光滑无毛。地上枝当年枯萎。枝二型。能育枝春季先萌发，高5-35厘米，中部直径3-5毫米，节间长2-6厘米，黄棕色，无轮茎分枝，脊不明显，要密纵沟；鞘筒栗棕色或淡黄色，长约0.8厘米，鞘齿9-12枚，栗棕色，长4-7毫米，狭三角形，鞘背仅上部有一浅纵沟，孢子散后能育枝枯萎。不育枝后萌发，高达40厘米，主枝中部直径1.5-3.0毫米，节间长2-3厘米，绿色，轮生分枝多，主枝中部以下有分枝。脊的背部弧形，无棱，有横纹，无小瘤；鞘筒狭长，绿色，鞘齿三角形，5-6枚，中间黑棕色，边缘膜质，淡棕色，宿存。侧枝柔软纤细，扁平状，有3-4条狭而高的脊，脊的背部有横纹；鞘齿3-5个，披针形，绿色，边缘膜质，宿存。孢子囊穗圆柱形，长1.8-4.0厘米，直径0.9-1.0厘米，顶端钝，成熟时柄伸长，柄长3-6厘米。
本种的不育枝外形似犬问荆E.palustre L.，但本种的侧枝多而纤细柔软，且较长，有锐背仅3-4条，背上有横纹。
产黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、内蒙古、北京、天津、河北、山西、陕西、宁夏、甘肃、青海、新疆、山东、江苏、上海、安徽、浙江、江西、福建、河南、湖北、四川、重庆、贵州、云南、西藏。海拔0-3700米。日本、朝鲜半岛、喜马拉雅、俄罗斯、欧洲、北美洲有分布。

《云南植物志》|| 木贼科 Equisetaceae ||问荆属 Equisetum L. ||问荆 Equisetum arvense L.

1. 问荆（本草纲目）
Equisetum arvense L. (1753); 中国主要植物图说 蕨类植物门 (1957)*; 东北草本植物志 (1958)*; Tagawa (1959)*; 图鉴 (1972)*; 秦岭植物志 (1974)*; 江苏植物志 (1977)*; 河南植物志 (1981)*; 山西植物志 (1982)*; 西藏植物志 (1983)*; 内蒙古植物志 (1985)*; 安徽植物志 (1986)*; 河北植物志 (1986)*; 四川植物志 (1988)*; 山东植物志 (1990)*; 新疆植物志 (1992)*; 江西植物志 (1993)*; 浙江植物志 (1993)*; 贵州蕨类植物志 (2001)*; 中国植物志 (2004)*.
根状茎具外皮暗黑色的圆球形或椭圆球形的块茎。气生茎异形。能育茎春季先长出地面，通常较粗短，高5—20厘米，直径2—4毫米，无侧枝，无叶绿素，浅黄色或紫棕色，节间有不甚明显的棱脊12—14条；鞘筒略呈漏斗形，长1—2厘米；鞘齿紫棕色，厚膜质，2—3齿联成三角形。孢子叶球顶生，长椭圆形，长1.5—3厘米，直径约5毫米，成熟时柄伸长达3厘米。不育茎在能育茎将枯萎时或枯萎后由同一根状茎上长出，绿色，高20—50厘米，直径2—3毫米，节间有6—12条棱脊，节上有3—12条轮生而较细瘦的分枝；分枝有3—4条狭而高的棱脊，棱脊背部平滑；鞘齿披针形，黑棕色，两侧有膜质白边，宿存。染色体数目2n=216。
产于香格里拉、贡山；生于河滩及疏荫处水沟边，海拔2200—3250米。西藏东南部、四川、贵州、华中、华东、华北、西北、东北也有。北温带广布。
全草药用，味苦涩，性凉，有清热利尿、止血、平喘止咳、平肝明目的功能。北方城市用作花坛及公共场所裸地绿化植物。

《Flora of North America》|| Equisetaceae || Equisetum || Equisetum arvense

4. Equisetum arvense Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1061. 1753.

Field horsetail, common horsetail, prêle des champs

Aerial stems dimorphic; vegetative stems green, branched, 2--60(--100) cm; hollow center 1/3--2/3 stem diam. Sheaths squarish in face view, 2--5(--10) × 2--5(--9) mm; teeth dark, 4--14, narrow, 1--3.5 mm, often cohering in pairs. Branches in regular whorls, ascending, solid; ridges 3--4; valleys channeled; 1st internode of each branch longer than subtending stem sheath; sheath teeth attenuate. Fertile stems brown, lacking stomates, unbranched, shorter than vegetative stems, with larger sheaths, fleshy, ephemeral. 2 n =ca. 216.

Cones maturing in early spring. Roadsides, riverbanks, fields, marshes, pastures, tundra; 0--3200 m; Greenland; St. Pierre and Miquelon; Alta., B.C., Man., N.B., Nfld., N.W.T., N.S., Ont., P.E.I., Que., Sask., Yukon; all states except Fla., La., Miss., S.C.; Eurasia s to Himalayas, c China, Korea, Japan.

Among the many infraspecific taxa that have been named in this species, Equisetum arvense var. boreale Bongard has been most generally accepted and has been applied to plants with tall, erect stems with 3-ridged branches. Because both 3-ridged and 4-ridged branches may occur on a single stem, the variety boreale is not recognized here as distinct (R.L. Hauke 1966).

《Flora of China》|| Equisetaceae || Equisetum ||问荆 Equisetum arvense

6. Equisetum arvense Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1061. 1753.

问荆 wen jing

Allostelites arvensis (Linnaeus) Börner; E. arvense f. arcticum (Ruprecht) M. Broun; E. arvense var. arcticum Ruprecht; E. arvense f. boreale (Bongard) Klinge; E. arvense subsp. boreale (Bongard) Á. Löve; E. arvense var. boreale (Bongard) Ruprecht; E. arvense f. campestre (Schultz) Klinge; E. arvense var. campestre (Schultz) Ruprecht; E. arvense f. ramulosum (Ruprecht) Klinge; E. arvense subsp. ramulosum (Ruprecht) W. F. Rapp; E. arvense var. ramulosum Ruprecht; E. boreale Bongard; E. calderi B. Boivin; E. campestre Schultz; E. saxicola Suksdorf.

Plants small to medium-sized. Rhizome ascending, erect, or creeping, blackish brown, nodes and roots with sparse long yellowish brown trichomes or glabrous. Aerial stem annual, dimorphic. Fertile stems appearing in spring earlier than sterile branches, yellowish brown, 5-35 cm tall, 3-5 mm in diam. at middle, not whorled, ridges inconspicuous, with dense grooves, internodes 2-6 cm; sheath castaneous or pale yellow, ca. 0.8 cm, only upper portion of sheath abaxially with a shallow groove; sheath teeth 9-12, castaneous, narrowly deltoid, 4-7 mm. Fertile stems dying back after spores shed (ephemeral). Sterile stems green, up to 40 cm, middle portion of main stem 1.5-3 mm, multiple whorled, below middle portion of main stem branched; internodes 2-3 cm; ridges arc-shaped abaxially, without edges, with cross grains, without tubercles; sheath green, long, narrow; sheath teeth 5 or 6, deltoid, middle portion blackish brown, margin membranous, light brown, persistent. Lateral branches slender, flattened, with 3 or 4 narrow and tall ridges, ridges abaxially with cross grains; sheath teeth 3-5, green, lanceolate, margin membranous, persistent. Strobilus terete, 1.8-4 cm, 0.9-1 cm in diam., apex blunt; stalk prolonged when mature and 3-6 cm. 2n = 216.

Forests, forest margins, under bushes, meadows, banks of rivers and streams, open fields; sea level to 3700 m. Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [W Bhutan, N India, Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Nepal, Russia; C and SW Asia, Europe, North America (including Greenland)].

Morphologically, sterile stems of Equisetum arvense are similar to those of E. palustre, but the former has more abundant and slender and longer lateral branches, which are 3- or 4-ridged and with cross grains abaxially or on ridges.