《中国植物志》|| 雨久花科 PONTEDERIACEAE ||凤眼蓝属 Eichhornia Kunth ||凤眼蓝 Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms

1.凤眼蓝（种子植物名称）凤眼莲（华东水生维管束植物），水浮莲，水葫芦 图版33
Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms in DC. Monogr. Phanerog. 4: 527. 1883; Steen. , Fl. Sch. Indon. 135. 1949; Backer in Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (3) : 259. 1951; Hara, Fl. E. Himal. 402. 1966;中国高等植物图鉴5: 405. 图7640. 1976;秦岭植物志1 (1) : 298. 图268. 1976; 海南植物志4: 122. 1977; 台湾植物志5: 138. 1978. ——Pontederia crassipes Mart. , Nov. Gen. Sp. 9, t. 4. 1823. ——Eichhornia speciosa Kunth, Enum. Pl. 4: 131. 1843.——Heteranthera formosa Miq. Linnaea 5: 61. 1843.
浮水草本，高30-60厘米。须根发达，棕黑色，长达30厘米。茎极短，具长匍匐枝，匍匐枝淡绿色或带紫色，与母株分离后长成新植物。叶在基部丛生，莲座状排列，一般5-10片；叶片圆形，宽卵形或宽菱形，长4.5-14.5厘米，宽5-14厘米，顶端钝圆或微尖，基部宽楔形或在幼时为浅心形，全缘，具弧形脉，表面深绿色，光亮，质地厚实，两边微向上卷，顶部略向下翻卷；叶柄长短不等，中部膨大成囊状或纺锤形，内有许多多边形柱状细胞组成的气室，维管束散布其间，黄绿色至绿色，光滑；叶柄基部有鞘状苞片，长8-11厘米，黄绿色，薄而半透明；花葶从叶柄基部的鞘状苞片腋内伸出，长34-46厘米，多棱；穗状花序长17-20厘米，通常具9-12朵花；花被裂片6枚，花瓣状，卵形、长圆形或倒卵形，紫蓝色，花冠略两侧对称，直径4-6厘米，上方1枚裂片较大，长约3.5厘米，宽约2.4厘米，三色即四周淡紫红色，中间蓝色，在蓝色的中央有1黄色圆斑，其余各片长约3厘米，宽1.5-1.8厘米，下方1枚裂片较狭，宽1.2-1.5厘米，花被片基部合生成筒，外面近基部有腺毛；雄蕊6枚，贴生于花被筒上，3长3短，长的从花被筒喉部伸出，长1.6-2厘米，短的生于近喉部，长3-5毫米；花丝上有腺毛，长约0.5毫米，3（2-4）细胞，顶端膨大；花药箭形，基着，蓝灰色，2室，纵裂；花粉粒长卵圆形，黄色；子房上位，长梨形，长6毫米，3室，中轴胎座，胚珠多数；花柱1，长约2厘米，伸出花被筒的部分有腺毛；柱头上密生腺毛。蒴果卵形。花期7-10月，果期8-11月。
原产巴西。现广布于我国长江、黄河流域及华南各省。生于海拔200-1 500米的水塘、沟渠及稻田中。亚洲热带地区也已广泛生长。
全草为家畜、家禽饲料；嫩叶及叶柄可作蔬菜。全株也可供药用，有清凉解毒、除湿祛风热以及外敷热疮等功效。本种还是监测环境污染的良好植物，它可监测水中是否有砷存在，还可净化水中汞、镉、铅等有害物质。

《云南植物志》|| 雨久花科 Pontederiaceae nom. conserv. ||水葫芦属 Eichhornia Kunth nom. conserv. ||水葫芦 Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms in A. DC.

1．水葫芦（云南、广西）图版216，6—8
凤眼莲（北京），浮漂（云南）
Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms in A. DC. (1883); Merr. (1921, 1922); Back. (1924); Ridley (1930); Cherfils in Lecte. (1934), van Steen. (1949), Back. in van Steen. (1951)*; 裴鉴等 (1952)*; 秦岭植物志 (1976)*; 台湾植物志 (1978).
Pontederia crassipes Mart. (1823)*.
漂浮水生草本，茎很短而多叶，具匍匐茎，常形成密丛，下面生多数羽状分枝的悬垂根，在浅水地方，根常扎入淤泥中；植株高30—50厘米（花期），稀更高。叶基生，莲座状，叶片亮绿色，背淡，卵形，卵状圆形、肾形或横长圆形，基部浅心形，截形或宽楔形，先端钝，弧形脉密，长、宽4—20厘米；叶柄海绵质，绿色或淡绿色，幼株上的短，在中部或中部以下极度膨胀成葫芦状或纺锤状；老株上叶柄很长，可达30厘米，由基部向上渐细。花序柄长，有两个彼此靠近的苞片，下面的1枚具长管状的鞘和小的叶片，上面的1枚几完全藏在下面1枚苞片的鞘内，管状，微尖。花序轴细，长可达15厘米，一般短得多，有花3—35朵，花常同时开放，凋存；花冠管长1.5厘米，外面上部有腺毛，淡绿色，略弯；花被裂片6，淡蓝色，外轮长圆形，长约3厘米，宽1.5厘米；内轮下方2枚与外轮相同，上方1枚较大，长3—3.2厘米，宽约2厘米，边缘淡蓝色，余蓝色，正中央有一鲜黄色长圆形斑块；雄蕊6，贴生于花冠管上部，下方3枚长1.8厘米，伸出管外，上方3枚长3—5毫米、内藏，由于着生高度不一，均不等长，花丝具腺毛；花药蓝青色，基着，外向纵裂；子房上位，绿白色，圆柱形，长6—7毫米，粗2毫米；花柱淡黄色，长2.1厘米，有腺毛，柱头盘状，有毛。花期5—10月。
云南大部分地区栽培或逸生；生长于池塘、沟渠、沼泽内，在肥沃的水体中，繁殖非常迅速；陕西南部、河北至华南、西南各省区都有种植。原产巴西，现广植于各大洲热带、亚热带地区，也有归化。
全株为良好的猪饲料；嫩叶和花序可以作蔬菜；花大而美，常为水面观赏植物；全草入药，清凉解毒，除湿、祛风寒，外敷疮毒。
水葫芦是净化污水的理想植物，植物体对许多污染物质有高度的富集能力。例如，滇池中的水葫芦能富集砷34482倍（以水中含量为1计），氟174.3倍，铬2248倍，镉1571倍，但是用于净化水体的植株不宜食用或作饲料。

《Flora of North America》|| Pontederiaceae || Eichhornia || Eichhornia crassipes

1. Eichhornia crassipes (Martius) Solms in A. L. P. P. de Candolle and C. de Candolle, Monogr. Phan. 4: 527. 1883.

Pontederia crassipes Martius, Nov. Gen. Sp. Pl. 1: 9, plate 4. 1823; Eichhornia speciosa Kunth; Piaropus crassipes (Martius) Rafinesque

Plants perennial, typically free-floating. Vegetative stems condensed, except when branching. Flowering stems erect, bending over after flowering, to 25 cm, distal internode less than 4 cm. Sessile leaves in basal rosette. Petiolate leaves floating or emersed; stipule 2.5–14 cm, apex truncate; petiole at least slightly swollen, 3.5–33 cm; blade ovate to round, 2.5–11 × 3.5–9.5 cm. Spikes 4–15-flowered; spathes obovate, 4–11 cm; peduncle 5–12.5 cm, glabrous. Flowers opening individually within 2 hours after sunrise, wilting by night; perianth blue or mauve-blue, limb lobes obovate, 16–37 mm, margins entire, central distal lobe with dark blotch in center and yellow spot within blotch; proximal stamens 20–35 mm, distal 14–19 mm; anthers 1.7–2.1 mm; style 3-lobed. Seeds 11–14-winged, 1.1–2.1 × 0.6–0.9 mm. 2n = 32.

Flowering early spring--late fall. Ponds, ditches, canals, calm waters of rivers; 0--300 m; introduced; Ala., Ariz., Calif., Fla., Ga., La., Miss., N.C., S.C., Tex., Va.; worldwide, tropics and subtropics.

This is probably the most aggressive aquatic weed ever known in the tropics (T. D. Center and N. R. Spencer 1981; R. E. Fitzsimons and R. H. Vallejos 1986; W. T. Penfound and T. T. Earle 1948; H. J. Webber 1897) and has been documented to cause extensive physiological changes in the aquatic environment (G. R. Ultsch 1973). It is on the USDA/APHIS noxious weeds list and the Florida Department of Natural Resources prohibited list (D. C. Schmitz 1990). Extensive research has gone into pesticide and biological control (R. G. Baer and P. C. Quimby Jr. 1981; T. D. Center and T. K. Van 1989; J. C. Joyce and W. T. Haller 1985; D. C. Schmitz 1990), resulting in its decline in Florida. Plants were probably first introduced into the U.S. at the Louisiana exposition in 1884 (W. T. Penfound and T. T. Earle 1948), and the species is now known in all states where freezing temperatures are minimal. Research results from the 1970s suggest that the species may have an economic importance by removing toxic substances from water (F. Chigbo et al. 1982).

The inflated petiole has long been a characteristic used to separate Eichhornia crassipes from other species of the genus. Yet on older plants under crowded conditions, the petiole shows little or no swelling (W. T. Penfound and T. T. Earle 1948). This has resulted in several misidentifications of specimens as E. azurea. Inflorescences typically elongate overnight, and all flowers open the same day (W. T. Penfound and T. T. Earle 1948). However, some robust specimens have inflorescences in which the proximal flowers open the first day and the distal 2–4 flowers open on the subsequent day. Individual flowers open shortly after dawn and wilt by nightfall. By the next morning, the flowering stem has bent such that the developing fruits are typically submersed, allowing seed development to occur under water (W. T. Penfound and T. T. Earle 1948). S. C. H. Barrett (1977, 1979, 1980, 1980b, 1988, 1989) has studied the reproductive biology in depth. The water hyacinth is a tristylous species; however, the only naturally occuring populations with all three morphs are in northeastern Brazil. This led S. C. H. Barrett and I. W. Forno (1982) to conclude that Eichornia crassipes is native to Amazonia. All other studied populations in the world have only one or two of the floral morphs. In some populations, a breakdown in the tristylous condition was observed whereby the stigma was found to be adjacent to anthers in some flowers (semihomostylous condition), resulting in some seed production (S. C. H. Barrett 1979). In general, seed production in temperate populations was found to be half that of tropical populations, mainly due to differences in levels of insect visitation (S. C. H. Barrett 1980b).

《Flora of China》|| Pontederiaceae || Eichhornia ||凤眼蓝 Eichhornia crassipes

1. Eichhornia crassipes (Martius) Solms in A. de Candolle & C. de Candolle, Monogr. Phan. 4: 527. 1883.

凤眼蓝 feng yan lan

Eichhornia crassipes Image Credit: Lidia Perez de Molas