《中国植物志》|| 菊科 COMPOSITAE ||苦荬菜属 Ixeris Cass. ||苦荬菜 Ixeris polycephala Cass.

3.苦荬菜 多头莴苣（广州植物志），多头苦荬 菜 图版1: 2
Ixeris polycephala Cass. in Dict. Sc. Nat. 24: 50. 1822; DC., Prodr. 7: 151. 1838; Kitam. in Bot. Mag. Tokyo 49: 289. 1935 et Fauna et Fl. Nepal Himal. 261. 1955 et in Mem. Coll. Sci. Univ. Kyoto Ser. B. 23: 106. 1956; Hand. -Mazz. in Act. Hort. Gothob. 12: 352. 1938; S. Y. Hu in Quart. Journ. Taiwan Mus. 20: (1- 2): 6. 1967; 中国高等植物图鉴4: 705.图6823, 1975; Kitam. et Gould in H. Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 3: 31. 1982; 秦岭植物志1(5): 417-1985; Shih in Act. Phytotax. Sin. 31: 536. 1993. ——Lactuca polycephala (Cass.) Benth. in Benth. et Hook. f., Gen. Pl. 2: 526. 1873; C. B. Clarke, Comp. Ind. 272. 1876; Franch., Pl. David. 1: 188. 1884; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 3: 410. 1882; Ling in Contr. Inst. Bot. Nat. Acad. Peiping 3: 195. 1935: Hand. -Mazz., Symb. Sin. 7: 1182, 1936; 广州植物志555-1955.——L. matsumurae Makino in Bot. Mag. Tokyo 6: 56. 1892; Matsum., Index Pl. Jap. 654. 1912; Kitam. in Act. Phytotax. et Geobot. 1: 152. 1932.——L. biauriculata Levl. et Vaniot in Bull. Geogr. Bot. 20: 143. 1909.——Ixeris matsumurae(Makino) Nakai in Bot. Mag. Tokyo 34: 153. 1920 et Fl. Sylv. Kor. 14: 114. 1923.——Crepis bonii Gagnep. in Bull. Soc. Bot. Franch. 68: 47. 1921; Gagnep. in Locomte, Fl. Gen. Indo-Chin. 3: 644. 1924.
一年生草本。根垂直直伸，生多数须根。茎直立，高10-80厘米，基部直径2-4毫米，上部伞房花序状分枝，或自基部多分枝或少分枝，分枝弯曲斜升，全部茎枝无毛。基生叶花期生存，线形或线状披针形，包括叶柄长7-12厘米，宽5-8毫米，顶端急尖，基部渐狭成长或短柄；中下部茎叶披针形或线形，长5-15厘米，宽1.5-2厘米，顶端急尖，基部箭头状半抱茎，向上或最上部的叶渐小，与中下部茎叶同形，基部箭头状半抱茎或长椭圆形，基部收窄，但不成箭头状半抱茎；全部叶两面无毛，边缘全缘，极少下部边缘有稀疏的小尖头。头状花序多数，在茎枝顶端排成伞房状花序，花序梗细。总苞圆柱状，长5-7毫米，果期扩大成卵球形；总苞片3层，外层及最外层极小，卵形，长0.5毫米，宽0.2毫米，顶端急尖，内层卵状披针形，长7毫米，宽2-3毫米，顶端急尖或钝，外面近顶端有鸡冠状突起或无鸡冠状突起。舌状小花黄色，极少白色，10-25枚。瘦果压扁，褐色，长椭圆形，长2.5毫米，宽0.8毫米，无毛，有10条高起的尖翅肋，顶端急尖成长1. 5毫米喙，喙细，细丝状。冠毛白色，白色，纤细，微糙，不等长，长达4毫米。花果期3-6月。
分布陕西（华阴、眉县、城固、勉县）、江苏（具体地点不详）、浙江（遂昌、丽水、昌化）、福建（永安）、安徽（各地）、台湾（台东、台北）、江西（南昌）、湖南（具体地点不详）、广东（连平）、广西（百色）、贵州（江口、望谟）、四川（南川）、云南（昆明、大理、丽江）。生于山坡林缘、灌丛、草地、田野路旁，海拔300-2 200米。中南半岛、尼泊尔、印度、锡金、克什米尔地区、孟加拉、日本广有分布。模式标本采自缅甸。
全草入药，具清热解毒、去腐化脓、止血生机功效；可治疗疮、无名肿毒、子宫出血等症。

《云南植物志》|| 菊科 Compositae ||苦荬菜属 Ixeris Cass. ||苦荬菜 Ixeris polycephala Cass.

1. 苦荬菜 (植物分类学报) 图版153：3-5
多头苦菜 (图鉴) ，多头莴苣 (广州)
Ixeris polycephala Cass. (1822); DC. (1838); Nakai (1924); Kitam. (1935), (1939), in Kihara (1955), (1956); Hand.-Mazz. (1936), (1938); S. Y. Hu (1967); 图鉴 (1975)*; Kitam. et Gould in Hara et al. (1982); 云南种子植物名录 (1984); 秦岭植物志 (1985); 贵州植物志 (1989)*; Shih (1993); 中国植物志 (1997)*.
Lactuca polycephala (Cass.) Benth. in Benth. et Hook. f. (1873); C. B. Clarke (1876); Hook. f. (1881); Franch. (1884); Ling (1935); Hand.-Mazz. (1936); S. Y. Hu (1967); L. biauriculata Levl. et Vant. (1909).
一年生草本，高8-60厘米。主根圆柱形，延长，上部粗约2毫米，向下渐狭，具长侧根和多数纤维状细根。茎直立，绿色或略带淡紫红色，基部粗1-2.5毫米，具分枝，茎和枝无毛。基生叶数枚，在花期生存，叶片线形或线状披针形，长5-10厘米，宽5-10毫米，先端急尖或渐尖，基部渐狭，边缘全缘，稀下部具疏小尖齿，表面暗绿色，背面淡绿色，两面无毛，叶柄短或近无；茎下部叶同基生叶，上部叶渐小，全部茎生叶基部箭形，抱茎，箭形两侧的裂片三角形、长三角形或稀长圆状三角形，长达2厘米，有时基部圆，不明显抱茎，边缘全缘，无柄，其他同基生叶。头状花序多数，于茎、枝顶排列成伞房状花序；花序梗纤细，长0.5-3厘米，无毛；总苞圆筒形，径3-4毫米，果期呈卵球形，径5-6毫米；总苞片约4层，外面2层极小，宽卵形或卵形，长0.5-1毫米，先端钝、急尖或圆，里面2层披针状条形，长5-6毫米，先端钝或急尖，最内层边缘白膜质，全部总苞片深绿色，无毛。小花15-20朵，舌状，花冠黄色，长8-9毫米，舌片条形，先端平截，具5小齿，管部长3.5-4毫米。瘦果近纺锤形，长2-3毫米，褐色，无毛，具约10条尖翅状的纵肋，顶端具喙，喙纤细，长1-1.5毫米；冠毛2层，白色，纤细，长3-4毫米。花果期1-4月。
产于大理、景东、嵩明、昆明、麻栗坡；生于海拔1000-2400米的荒坡、路边或田中、水中。江苏、安徽、浙江、江西、福建、台湾、湖南、广东、广西、陕西、四川、贵州有分布。喜马拉雅地区各国、中南半岛和日本也有。
全草药用，有清热解毒、去腐化脓、止血生肌、利湿消痞之功效。

《Flora of China》|| Asteraceae || Ixeris ||苦荬菜 Ixeris polycephala

1. Ixeris polycephala Cassini ex Candolle, Prodr. 7: 151. 1838.

苦荬菜 ku mai cai

Crepis bonii Gagnepain; Ixeris dissecta (Makino) C. Shih; I. fontinalis Candolle; I. matsumurae (Makino) Nakai; I. polycephala f. dissecta (Makino) Ohwi; I. polycephala var. dissecta (Makino) Nakai; Lactuca biauriculata Vaniot & H. Léveillé; L. matsumurae Makino; L. matsumurae var. dissecta Makino; L. polycephala (Cassini) Bentham.

Herbs 10-50 cm tall, annual. Stem solitary, erect, branched already in lower half or higher up, glabrous, leafy. Basal leaves present at anthesis, narrowly oblanceolate, lanceolate, linear-lanceolate, or linear, 6-22 × 0.3-1.5 cm, undivided or pinnatipartite to pinnatisect or runcinately so, base attenuate into a well-developed petiole-like portion and ± semiamplexicaul, margin entire or dentate, apex acute; lateral lobes (if present) 2-5 pairs, on leaf blade basal 1/2-2/3. Stem leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, smaller, rather undivided, base strongly sagittately clasping, margin mostly entire, otherwise similar to basal leaves. Synflorescence corymbiform, with few to some capitula. Capitula with 20-25 florets; peduncle capillaceous. Involucre cylindric and 5-6 × 2-3 mm at anthesis, broadly campanulate and 7-8 × 4-5 mm in fruit. Phyllaries abaxially glabrous; outer phyllaries 4-6, ovate, longest less than 1 mm, apex acute; inner phyllaries 8, apex acute to obtuse. Florets yellow or rarely white. Anther tube and style greenish to blackish upon drying. Achene brown to reddish brown, ellipsoid, ca. 4 mm, apex contracted into a slender 1-1.5 mm beak. Pappus ca. 4 mm. Fl. and fr. Feb-Oct. 2n = 16.

Forest margins, thickets, grasslands, along rivers and streams, by fields, open areas; 100-2000 m. Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, ?Henan, ?Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Afghanistan, Bhutan, Cambodia, N India, Japan, Kashmir, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Vietnam].

The leaves of the species, as in other species of the genus, are very variable with respect to their division, ranging from entire to strongly dissected.

The entire plant is used medicinally. The many uses include detoxifying, stopping bleeding, promoting tissue regeneration, removing necrotic tissue, decreasing inflammation of soft tissues, and stopping uterine bleeding, but the main use is for treating furuncles.