《中国植物志》|| 亚麻科 LINACEAE ||亚麻属 Linum L. ||亚麻 Linum usitatissimum L.

4.亚麻（通称）鸦麻（图经本草）、壁虱胡麻（本草纲目）、山西胡麻（植物名实图考）
Linum usitatissimum L. Sp. Pl. 277. 1753; DC. Prodr. 1: 426. 1824; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 1: 401. 1874; Kom. Fl. Mansh. 2: 665. 1903; Hand. -Mazz. Symb. Sin. 7: 617. 1933; Juz. in Schischk. et Bobr. Fl. URSS 14: 100. 1949; Ohwi, Fl. Jap. 707. 1953: Davis, Fl. Turkey 2: 488. 1967; 中国高等植物图鉴2: 535. 图2799. 1972; 东北草本植物志6: 21. 1977; 秦岭植物志1 (3): 128. 1981; 云南种子植物名录1: 294. 1984; 贵州植物志2: 223. 1985; 西藏植物志3: 17. 1986: Griers et Long, Fl. Bhutan. 1 (3): 753, 1987; 新华本草纲要 1: 274, 1988; H. Kobe, S. Atigama, Y. Endo et H. Ohba, Name List Fl. Pl. Gymnosp. Nepal, 432. 1994.——L. humile Mill. Gard. Dict. ed. 8. No. 2. 1768; Juz. in Schischk. et Bohr. Fl. URSS 14: 102. 1949.
一年生草本。茎直立，高30-120厘米，多在上部分枝，有时自茎基部亦有分枝，但密植则不分枝，基部木质化，无毛，韧皮部纤维强韧弹性，构造如棉。叶互生；叶片线形，线状披针形或披针形，长2-4厘米，宽1-5毫米，先端锐尖，基部渐狭，无柄，内卷，有3（5）出脉。花单生于枝顶或枝的上部叶腋，组成疏散的聚伞花序；花直径15-20毫米；花梗长1-3厘米，直立；萼片5，卵形或卵状披针形，长约5-8毫米，先端凸尖或长尖，有3（5）脉；中央一脉明显凸起，边缘膜质，无腺点，全缘，有时上部有锯齿，宿存；花瓣5，倒卵形，长8-12毫米，蓝色或紫蓝色，稀白色或红色，先端啮蚀状；雄蕊5枚，花丝基部合生；退化雄蕊5枚，钻状；子房5室，花柱5枚，分离，柱头比花柱微粗，细线状或棒状，长于或几等于雄蕊。蒴果球形，干后棕黄色，直径6-9毫米，顶端微尖，室间开裂成5瓣；种子10粒，长圆形，扁平，长3.5-4毫米，棕褐色。花期6-8月，果期7-10月。
全国各地皆有栽培，但以北方和西南地区较为普遍；有时逸为野生。原产地中海地区，现欧、亚温带多有栽培。
为重要的纤维、油料和药用植物。
韧皮部纤维构造如棉，细长而有光泽，强韧弹性，黄白色，为最优良纺织原料，纤维长度达36时，单丝纤维长达120厘米，用以纺织夏布、网系绳索和麻袋等及造纸；全草及种子可入药；种子榨亚麻仁油，用作印刷墨、润滑剂和药用，在山西、云南等处被广泛食用。
根据特征记载和分布区，我国主要地区的栽培种应为Linum humile Mill.。其在中亚用作油料，在我国亦是如此。其主要特点是植株较矮小，叶排列较密，果实较多，蒴果隔膜边缘具缘毛等。这些特征皆与我国各地标本相符合。而上述特征与主要用作纤维的亚麻Linum usitatissimum L. 的特征极相似。在我国现有标本中实难把这两个种分开，故遵循《土尔其植物志》将L. humile Mill.作为异名处理。

《云南植物志》|| 亚麻科 Linaceae ||亚麻属 Linum L. ||亚麻 Linum usitatissimum L.

2. 亚麻（通称）
胡麻（华北通称）、山脂麻，壁虱胡麻（本草纲目），山西胡麻（植物名实图考），鸦麻（图经本草）
Linum usitatissimum L. (1753); D. Don (1823); Roxb. (1832); Hook. f. (1874); Hand.-Mazz. (1933); 图鉴 (1972)*; J. R. Press in Hara (1979); 云南种子植物名录 (1984); 新华本草纲要 (1988); 中国植物志 (1998).
一年生草本，高30—120厘米。茎直立，仅在上部分枝，基部稍木质，无毛，韧皮部纤维强韧弹性如棉。叶互生，几无柄，披针形至条状披针形，长1.8—3.2厘米，宽1—5毫米，顶端锐尖，基部渐狭，全缘；叶脉通常3（5）出。花单生于枝顶端及上部叶腋，组成聚伞花序，花柄长2—3厘米；萼片5，卵形，宿存，边缘无黑色腺体；花瓣5，倒卵形，蓝色或红色，长7—12毫米，易凋谢；雄蕊5，花丝基部合生；退化雄蕊5，与雄蕊互生；子房5室，花柱5，分离，柱头条形。蒴果球形，长6—8毫米，顶端5瓣开裂；种子10枚，扁平、短圆形，长3.5—4毫米，棕褐色。花、果期6—10月。
全省及全国各地皆有栽培，但以北方和西南地区较为普遍；有时逸为野生。原产地中海地区。现欧亚温带多有栽培。为重要的纤维、油料和药用植物。

《Flora of China》|| Linaceae || Linum ||亚麻 Linum usitatissimum

4. Linum usitatissimum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 277. 1753.

亚麻 ya ma

Linum humile Miller.

Annuals 30-120 cm tall. Stems simple, cylindric, erect, woody at base, apically corymbosely branched. Leaves alternate, linear, linear-lanceolate, or lanceolate, 2-4 cm × 1-5 mm, 3(or 5)-veined from base, base attenuate, apex acute. Flowers axillary, solitary or in broad cymes, 15-20 mm in diam. Pedicel 1-3 cm, erect. Sepals ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 5-8 mm, 3(or 5)-veined from base, nonglandular, margin entire or ciliate, apex acute to acuminate. Petals blue, rarely white or red, obovate, 0.8-1.2 cm. Styles distinct; stigma linear-clavate. Capsule globose, 6-9 mm in diam., septicidal, with 10 seeds. Seeds brown, oblong, flattened, 3.5-4 mm. Fl. Jun-Aug, fr. Jul-Oct. 2n = 30.

Cultivated throughout China except Hainan and Taiwan, sometimes naturalized [origin uncertain but possibly the Mediterranean region and/or parts of W Asia and W Europe, widely cultivated].

This species is used for fiber and oil.

《Flora of North America》|| Linaceae || || Linum usitatissimum

1. Linum usitatissimum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 277. 1753.
[I W]

Common flax, lin cultivé Common flax, lin cultivé

Herbs, annual, 20–100 cm, glabrous or glabrate throughout. Stems erect, unbranched or few-branched at base (all flowering). Leaves divergent; blade linear to linear-lanceolate, 10–40 × 1.5–5 mm. Inflorescences open panicles. Pedicels erect in fruit, to 20–25 mm. Flowers homostylous; sepals ovate, 6–9 mm, margins of inner sepals minutely ciliate, outer ciliate, apex acuminate; petals usually blue, rarely white, obovate, 10–15 mm; stamens 5–7 mm; anthers 1–1.5 mm; staminodia present; styles distinct or connate at base, 3–6 mm; stigmas linear or clavate. Capsules ovoid to subglobose, 6–10 × 5–10 mm, apex rounded, dehiscing incompletely, segments falling freely, margins ciliate or not. Seeds 4–6 × 2.5–3 mm. 2n = 30.

Flowering Apr–Sep. Disturbed areas, roadsides, abandoned homesteads, fields; 0–2400 m; introduced; Alta., B.C., Man., Nfld. and Labr. (Nfld.), N.W.T., N.S., Ont., Que., Sask.; Ala., Ariz., Ark., Calif., Colo., Conn., Del., D.C., Fla., Ga., Idaho, Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., La., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Miss., Mo., Mont., Nebr., N.H., N.J., N.Mex., N.Y., N.C., N.Dak., Ohio, Okla., Oreg., Pa., R.I., S.C., S.Dak., Tenn., Tex., Vt., Va., Wash., W.Va., Wis., Wyo.; Eurasia; introduced also in c Mexico, Central America, s South America, Pacific Islands (New Zealand).

Linum usitatissimum has been cultivated since antiquity, and it is this cultivated form that has naturalized in the wild. Flax fibers twisted to make rope or dyed for fabric dated 32,000–26,000 years before present were found in a cave in Dzudzuana, Georgia (E. Kvavadze et al. 2009). Stem fibers of L. usitatissimum are used to make linen; the seeds are pressed to produce linseed oil; the rest of the seeds are compacted into cakes and used as fodder. Linum usitatissimum is the only species in the flora area except L. bienne that has linear stigmas and minutely ciliate inner sepals. It can be distinguished from L. bienne by its larger, apically rounded capsules.