《中国植物志》|| 藤黄科 GUTTIFERAE ||红厚壳属 Calophyllum Linn. ||红厚壳 Calophyllum inophyllum L.

1.红厚壳（海南植物志）胡桐（中国高等植物图鉴误用），琼崖海棠树（中国树木分类学），海棠木、海棠果（广东），君子树（海南），呀拉菩（台湾）图版19：1-3
Calophyllum inophyllum Linn. Sp. pl. ed. 2, 732. 1762; Choisy in DC. Prodr. 1: 562. 1824; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. 2, 607. 1832; Wight, Icon. Pl. 358. 1840; Planch. et Triana in Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 4, 14: 254. 1860; T. Anders. in Hook. f .Fl. Brit. Ind. 1: 273. 1874; Kurz, For. Fl. Brit. Burma 1: 95. 1877; Vesque in DC. Monogr. Phanerog. 8: 544. 1893: Engl. in Engl. u. Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3 (6) : 2 21, fig. 105: 1-6. 1895: Pitard in Lecte. Fl. Gen. Indo-Chine 1: 324. 1910: Merr. in Journ. Sci. Lingn. 5: 130.1927 et in Tran. Am. Philos. Soc. new ser. 24(2): 269. 1935;中国树木分类学848, 图743.1960: H.L. Li, Woody Fl. Taiwan 601, fig. 235. 19 63;海南植物志2, 56. 1965; 中国高等植物图鉴2, 882, 图3494.`972; 台湾植物志2, 621, tab. 427. 1979. ——Balsamaria inophyllum Lour. Fl. Cochinch. 470. 1790.
乔木，高5-12米；树皮厚，灰褐色或暗褐色，有纵裂缝，创伤处常渗出透明树脂；幼枝具纵条纹。叶片厚革质，宽椭圆形或倒卵状椭圆形，稀长圆形，长8-15厘米，宽4-8厘米，顶端圆或微缺，基部钝圆或宽楔形，两面具光泽；中脉在上面下陷，下面隆起，侧脉多数，几与中脉垂直，两面隆起；叶柄粗壮，长1-2.5厘米。总状花序或圆锥花序近顶生，有花7-11，长在10厘米以上稀短；花两性，白色，微香，直径2-2.5厘米；花梗长1.5-4厘米；花萼裂片4枚，外方2枚较小，近圆形，顶端凹陷，长约8毫米，内方2枚较大，倒卵形，花瓣状；花瓣4，倒披针形，长约11毫米，顶端近平截或浑圆，内弯；雄蕊极多数，花丝基部合生成4束；子房近圆球形，花柱细长，蜿蜒状，柱头盾形。果圆球形，直径约2.5厘米，成熟时黄色。花期3-6月，果期9-11月。
产海南、台湾，野生或栽培于海拔60-100（-200）米的丘陵空旷地和海滨沙荒地上。印度、斯里兰卡、中南半岛、马来西亚、印度尼西亚（苏门答腊）、安达曼群岛、菲律宾群岛、 波利尼西亚以及马达加斯加和澳大利亚等地也有分布。模式标本采自印度。
种子含油量20-30%，种仁含油量为50-60%，油可供工业用，加工去毒和精炼后可食用，也可供医药用；木材质地坚实，较重，心材和边材不明显，能耐磨损和海水浸泡，不受虫蛀食，适宜于造船、桥梁、枕木、农具及家俱等用材；树皮含单宁15%，可提制栲胶。

《云南植物志》|| 藤黄科 Guttiferae nom. conserv. ||红厚壳属 Calophyllum L. ||红厚壳 Calophyllum inophyllum L.

1．红厚壳（海南植物志）图版47，3—4
胡桐（图鉴、台湾植物志），琼崖海棠树（中国树木分类学；广东、台湾），海棠木、海棠果（广东），君子树（海南），呀拉菩（台湾）
Calophyllum inophyllum L. (1762); Roxb. (1832); Wight (1840); Choisy in DC. (1824); Planch. et Triana (1860); Anders. (1874); Kurz (1877); Vesque in DG. (1893); Engl. in Engl. et Prantl (1895)*; Pitard in Lecte. (1910): Merr. (1927), (1935); 图鉴 (1955)*; 陈嵘 (1960)*; H. L. Li (1963); 海南植物志 (1965); 图鉴 (1972)*; N. Robson jn H. L. Li (1979)*; P. F. Stevens (1980).
Balsamaria inophyllum Lour. (1790).
乔木，高5—12米；树皮厚，灰褐色或暗褐色，具纵裂缝，创伤处渗出透明树脂；幼枝具纵条纹。叶厚革质，宽椭圆形或倒卵状椭圆形，稀长圆形，长8—15厘米，宽4—8厘米，先端圆形或微缺，基部圆形或宽楔形，两面具光泽；中脉在表面下陷，背面隆起，侧脉多数，几与中脉垂直，两面隆起，叶柄粗壮，长1—2.5厘米。总状花序（花对生）组成圆锥花序、聚伞状圆锥花序或圆锥花序，顶生，无毛，长15—20厘米；花梗长1.5—4厘米；萼片4，外面2片较小，近圆形，凹陷，长约8毫米，里面2片较大，倒卵形，花瓣状；花瓣4，倒披针形，长约11毫米，顶端近平截或圆形，内弯；雄蕊极多数，花丝基部合生成4束；子房近球形，花柱细长，蜿蜒状，柱头盾形。果球形，直径约2.5厘米，成熟黄色。花期3—6月，果期9—11月。
西双版纳近年引种；广西、海南、台湾亦有。印度、中南半岛、斯里兰卡、马来西亚、印度尼西亚（苏门答腊）、安达曼岛、菲律宾群岛、波利尼西亚以及马达加斯加和澳大利亚等地都有分布。喜生于热带高温多湿，面向西南或东南夏季季风吹拂的海滨地带；我国多生于海拔60—100（—200）米的丘陵空旷地和海滨沙荒地上，有时也在这些地区栽培。
种子含油量20—30％，种仁含油量50—60％，可作工业用油，加工去毒和精炼后可食用，也供医药用；产地群众用于照明；木材质地坚实，较重，心材和边材不明显，耐磨损和海水浸泡，不受虫蛀，适宜作造船、桥梁、枕木及农具，家具等用材；树皮含单宁15％，可提制栲胶；树皮渗出的树脂可供药用。

《Flora of North America》|| Calophyllaceae || Calophyllum || Calophyllum inophyllum

1. Calophyllum inophyllum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 513. 1753.
[F I]

Mastwood Mastwood

Trees usually with relatively short trunks and spreading branches, 7–25(–35) m. Leaves: petiole broadened and flattened toward blade, 10–25 mm; blade bright green, elliptic-oblong to obovate, 8–20 × 4.5–12 cm, base cuneate to rounded, finally decurrent, margins ± undulate, apex rounded to retuse, lateral veins prominent on both surfaces. Inflorescences in distal axils, 3–12-flowered. Flowers 2 cm diam.; sepals reflexed, outer pair orbiculate, 7–8 mm, inner pair obovate, ± petaloid, 10 mm; petals 4, white, obovate, 9–12 mm; ovary globose. Drupes green, globose to obovoid, 2.5–5 × 2–4 cm; stone subspheric, smooth. 2n = 32.

Flowering summer. Wetlands, especially coastal; 0–20 m; introduced; Fla.; s Asia (India, Sri Lanka); e Africa; Indian Ocean Islands (Madagascar); Pacific Islands.

Calophyllum inophyllum occurs in southern Florida; it is widely planted and possibly naturalized. The smaller-flowered C. antillana Jacquin has also been recorded as seminaturalized on the keys.

《Flora of China》|| Clusiaceae || Calophyllum ||红厚壳 Calophyllum inophyllum

1. Calophyllum inophyllum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 513. 1753.

红厚壳 hong hou ke

Balsamaria inophyllum (Linnaeus) Loureiro.

Trees 5-12 m tall. Bark gray brown or dark brown, thick, with longitudinal fissures, always exuding pellucid resins when wounded. Young shoots striate. Petiole robust, 1-2.5 cm; leaf blade shiny on both surfaces, broadly elliptic or obovate-elliptic, rarely oblong, 8-15 × 4-8 cm, thickly leathery, midvein raised abaxially, impressed adaxially, base rounded or broadly cuneate, apex rounded or emarginate. Thyrses in upper axils, 7-11-flowered, rarely shorter than 10 cm. Pedicel 1.5-4 cm. Flowers scented, white, 2-2.5 cm in diam. Sepals 4; outer 2: suborbicular, ca. 8 mm; inner 2: obovate, petaloid. Petals 4, oblanceolate to obovate, ca. 1.1 cm, concave, apex subtruncate or rounded. Ovary subglobose; stigma peltate. Mature fruit yellow, globose, ca. 2.5 cm in diam. Fl. Mar-Jun, fr. Sep-Nov. 2n = 32.

Wild or cultivated on open waste sites on hills, seashores, sandy wastelands; 100(-200) m. Hainan, Taiwan [Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Japan (Ryukyu Islands), Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; Africa (including Madagascar), Australia, Indian Ocean islands (Mascarenes), Pacific islands (Polynesia)].

The seeds yield 20%-30% oil, the seed kernels 50%-60%. The seed oil is used for industry or as a medicine; it is also edible after refinement and detoxification. The timber is hard and heavy, and is used for making furniture. The bark contains ca. 15% tannin.