《中国植物志》|| 禾本科 GRAMINEAE (POACEAE) ||筱竹亚族 THAMNOCALAMINAE Keng f. ||箭竹属 Fargesia Franch. emend. Yi

3.箭竹属Fargesia Franch. emend. Yi
Franch. in Bull. Linn. Soc. Paris 2: 1067. 1893; emend. T. P. Yi in Journ. Bamb. Res. 7(2): 1. 1988.——Sinarundinaria Nakai in Journ. Jap. Bot. 11 (1): 1. 1935, sine fl. descr., nom. invalid.
灌木状或稀可乔木状竹类。地下茎合轴型，竿柄假鞭粗短，其两端不等粗，前端（远母竿端）直径大于后端（近母竿端），中间较两端为细，节间长常在5毫米以卞，实心，通常无通气道，鳞片（假鞭之箨）为正三角形，排列紧密。竿直立，琉丛生或近散生；节间圆筒形，中空、实心或近于实心；竿环平坦乃至微隆起，通常较其箨环为低；竿的维管束呈开放型或半开放型；竿芽单一，长卵形，贴竿而生，在圆芽箭竹组竿芽明显由多数芽组成为1枚半圆形复合芽时，则不贴竿；竿每节分数枝乃至多枝，枝斜展或直立，近等粗，枝环较平。箨鞘宿存或迟落，稀早落，革质或厚纸质，具刺毛或近无毛；箨耳无，或明显；箨舌圆拱形或截形；箨片三角状披针形或带状，脱落性，或稀可宿存；末级小枝具数叶；叶片小型至中型，具小横脉。花序呈圆锥状或总状，着生于具叶小枝的顶端，花序下方托以由叶鞘扩大而成或大或小的一组佛焰苞，致使花序起初只能由最上方的佛焰苞开口之一侧露出，惟以后因花序主轴的延伸以及佛焰苞脱落或破碎，则可使花序全部露出；小穗形细长，具长柄；颖2；外稃先端具小尖头或呈芒状，具数脉，小横脉通常明显；内稃等长或略短于其外稃，背部具2脊，先端具2齿裂；鳞被3，边缘生纤毛；雄蕊3，花丝分离，花药黄色；子房椭圆形，花柱1或2，柱头2或3；颖果细长。
模式种：箭竹Fargesia spathacea Franch.原产四川城口。
本属80余种。据目前所知，除尼泊尔东部和锡金产有总花箭竹F. racemosa (Munro) Yi外，其余的种类均产于我国。在我国，北自祁连山东坡，南达海南，东起赣、湘，西迄西藏吉隆，在海拔1400-3800米的垂直地段都有本属竹类生长，其中以云南的种类最为丰富。
过去通常认为本属竹类矮小，分布在交通条件不便的山区，经济价值不大。其实本属竹类种群繁多，分布广泛，林地面积颇大，蓄积量蕴藏丰富，用途多，有相当多的种类其竿为中型，是亟待开发利用的宝贵自然资源。
本属几乎所有竹种都对山地水土保持、减缓地表径流、涵养水源、调节小气候环境、促进农业稳产丰产等都起着不同程度的有利作用。

《云南植物志》|| 禾本科 Poaceae (Gramineae) ||竹亚科 Bambusoideae Nees ||箭竹属 Fargesia Franch.

12.箭竹属 Fargesia Franch.
灌木状或稀可乔木状竹类。地下茎短颈厚型，秆柄（假鞭）粗短，其两端不等粗，前端（远母秆端）直径大于后端（近母秆端），中间较两端为细，节间长常在5毫米以下，实心，通常无通气道，鳞片（假鞭之箨）为正三角形，排列紧密。秆直立，疏丛生或近散生；节间圆筒形，中空、实心或近于实心；秆环平坦乃至微隆起，通常较其箨环为低；秆的维管束呈开放型或半开放型；秆芽单一，长卵形，贴秆而生，在圆芽箭竹组秆芽明显由多数芽组成1枚半圆形复合芽时，则不贴秆；秆每节分数枝乃至多枝，枝斜展或直立，近等粗，枝环较平。秆箨宿存或迟落，稀早落，革质或厚纸质，具刺毛或近无毛；箨耳缺如，或明显；箨舌圆拱形或截形；箨片三角状披针形或带状，脱落性，或稀可宿存，末级小枝具数叶；叶片小型至中型，具小横脉。一次性发生花序呈圆锥状或总状，着生于具叶小枝的顶端，花序下方托以由叶鞘扩大而成或大或小的一组佛焰苞，致使花序起初只能由最上方的佛焰苞开口之一侧露出，惟以后因花序主轴的延伸以及佛焰苞脱落或破碎，则可使花序全部露出；小穗形细长，具长柄；颖2；外稃先端具小尖头或呈芒状，具数脉，小横脉通常明显；内稃等长或略短于其外稃，背部具2脊，先端具2齿裂；鳞被3，边缘生纤毛；雄蕊3，花丝分离，花药黄色；子房椭圆形，花柱1或2，柱头2或3，颖果细长。
本属与玉山竹属关系甚为密切，很可能最终应归入一属。此外与产于喜马拉雅的筱竹属可能也有一定亲缘关系。由于筱竹属群的系统发育研究工作正在开展之中，目前尚无定论，本志仍主要参照了《中国植物志》的处理。
全属约有70种，主产喜马拉雅和横断山区。在我国北自祁连山东坡，南达海南，东起赣、湘，西迄西藏吉隆，在海拔1400—3800米的垂直地段都有本属竹类生长，其中以云南的种类最为丰富。本志收集了39种。此外，《云南种子植物名录》（下册）（1984）认为 Fargesia spathacea Franch. 在滇西海拔2500—3500米处有分布，肯定是本属其他种类的误定所致。《怒江竹类》[辉朝茂等主编，1996年出版（印成1994年），中国农业科技出版社]发表了11个新种或新变种，即灰秆箭竹 F. pallens Hsueh et Hui、马歌箭竹 F. aurita Hsueh et Hui、阔叶箭竹 F. macrophylla Hsueh et Hui、怒江箭竹 F. nujiangensis Hsueh et Hui、马诗箭竹 F. nujiangensis var. hirtinoda Hsueh et J. S. Wang、兰坪箭竹 F. nujiangensis var. lanpingensis Hsueh et S. Z. Zi、纹鞘箭竹 F. nujiangensis var. striata Hsueh et Hui、粗枝箭竹 F. pachyclada Hsueh et Hui、马兹箭竹 F. stricta Hsueh et Hui 和落叶筱竹 Thamnocalarmus tengchongensis Hsueh et Hui，由于编者未能对上述新种或新变种的标本仔细研究，而原描述又较简单，故本志暂未收录。紫序箭竹 F. vicina（Keng）Yi 和短柄箭竹 F. brevipes（MoClure）Yi 均为根据采自云南的不完整标本（分别是根据 Maire 10037和 Maire 292/1913）发表和组合的，属未详知种。
过去通常认为本属竹类矮小，分布在交通条件不便的山区，经济价值不大。其实本属竹类种群繁多，分布广泛，林地面积颇大，蓄积量蕴藏丰富，用途多，有相当多的种类其秆为中型，是亟待开发利用的宝贵自然资源。
本属几乎所有竹种对山地水土保持、减缓地表径流、涵养水源、调节小气候环境、促进农业稳产丰产等方面都起着不同程度的有利作用。

《Flora of China》|| Poaceae || ||箭竹属 Fargesia

14. Fargesia Franchet, Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris. 2: 1067. 1893.

箭竹属 jian zhu shu

Authors: De-Zhu Li, Zhenhua Guo & Chris Stapleton

Borinda Stapleton; Sinarundinaria Nakai.

Small (ca. 1 m) to subarborescent (to 15 m) bamboos. Rhizomes pachymorph, short relative to culm height, 10–30(–50) cm, with short neck. Culms unicaespitose, basally erect, apically nodding to pendulous; internodes terete, smooth or finely ridged; nodes with level or weakly prominent supra-nodal ridge, usually narrower than sheath scar. Buds ovoid to lanceolate, branch sheathing reduced. Branches initially 7–15 per node in mid-culm, above promontory, initially erect, becoming deflexed, subequal. Culm sheaths linear, rounded, or triangular; blade usually reflexed. Leaves small to medium-sized; blades glossy and thickened, or matte and delicate, transverse veins prominent. Inflorescence racemose to paniculate, compressed or open, ebracteate or branches subtended by a series of persistent, small, delicate sheaths, unilateral or not. Spikelets several flowered. Glumes (1 or)2, unequal; lemma apically obtuse or acute, mucronate to awned; palea equal to or shorter than lemma, 2-keeled, apex bifid; lodicules 3. Stamens 3; filaments free, slender; anthers yellow or purple. Style 1 or 2; stigmas 2 or 3, plumose. Caryopsis oblong to ovoid. New shoots May–Sep.

About 90 species: China, E Himalayas, Vietnam; at least 78 species (77 endemic) in China.

Fargesia was originally described for a single species from central China with dense, spathed, unilateral racemes and short rhizomes. Some authors have suggested that on this basis, it should be referred to the earlier, Himalayan genus Thamnocalamus, which also has rather dense, initially spathed inflorescences. However, bud and branch morphology and molecular evidence suggest that the genera are not so closely related.

Many species in Fargesia lack dense, spathed, unilateral inflorescences. As their flowers have become known, several have been moved into a genus established specifically to accommodate such clump-forming species, Borinda. In order for all these species to be listed under the same genus, they are all temporarily maintained under Fargesia, as in FRPS (9(1), 1996). The relationships among Fargesia, Thamnocalamus, Yushania, and allies are under investigation (Guo and Li, Molec. Phylogen. Evol. 30: 1–12. 2004).

Fargesia brevipes, F. cuspidata, F. ungulata, and F. vicina (species nos. 75–78) could not be included in the following key because of lack of information on their culms and culm sheaths.

Taxa incertae sedis

Fargesia macrophylla Hsueh & C. M. Hui, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 18: 258. 1998.

阔叶箭竹 kuo ye jian zhu

Rhizome sympodial. Culms 2–3 m, 0.5–1 cm in diam.; internodes terete, 28–38 cm, initially thinly white powdery, glabrous, hollow; sheath scar prominent, glabrous. Branches very many per node, subequal. Culm sheaths persistent, shorter than internode, leathery, sometimes scattered setose, margins densely ciliate, longitudinal ribs only laterally conspicuous; auricles and oral setae absent; ligule truncate, 2–5 mm; blade reflexed, base narrower than mouth or sheath. Leaves 3–5 per ultimate branch; sheath glabrous; auricles and oral setae absent; ligule rounded or truncate, ca. 1 mm; blade 15–25 × 2–4 cm, proximally pilose, secondary veins 5–7-paired, transverse veins distinct. Inflorescence unknown.

● 1900–2000 m. Yunnan (Fugong).

This taxon appears to key out with Fargesia pauciflora (species no. 54); the authors compared it with F. hsuehiana, which could be distinguished by, e.g., the initially setose culm internodes and nodes, culm sheath ligules only ca. 0.7 mm, and smaller leaves, 6–14 × 0.7–1.2 cm.

Fargesia nujiangensis Hsueh & C. M. Hui, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 18: 261. 1998.

怒江箭竹 nu jiang jian zhu

Fargesia nujiangensis f. lanpingensis J. R. Hsueh & C. M. Hui; F. nujiangensis f. striata J. R. Hsueh & C. M. Hui.

Rhizome sympodial. Culms 3–5 m, 1–3 cm in diam.; internodes terete, 23–30 cm, prominently ridged, initially densely white powdery or waxy, filled with pith (hollow in f. lanpingensis); nodes glabrous. Branches 5 per node, equal. Culm sheaths soon or gradually deciduous, streaked with yellow in f. striata, shorter than internode, leathery, sparsely caducous-setose, margins distally ciliate, longitudinal ribs prominent, transverse veins not evident, apex truncate or sometimes retuse; auricles and oral setae absent; ligule 2–5 mm; blade reflexed (erect in f. striata), base narrower than mouth or sheath. Leaves 2 or 3 per ultimate branch; sheath glabrous; auricles and oral setae absent; ligule ca. 1 mm; blade lanceolate, 5–10 × 0.5–0.6 cm, glabrous, secondary veins 2- or 3-paired, transverse veins obscure. Inflorescence unknown.

● 2500–2900 m. Yunnan (Gaoligong Shan).

Fargesia nujiangensis was compared by its authors with F. hsuehiana, which differs most obviously by having initially setose culm internodes, 6–9 branches per culm node, and persistent culm sheaths.

Fargesia stricta Hsueh & C. M. Hui, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 18: 266. 1998.

马兹箭竹 ma zi jian zhu

Culms 5–8 m, 2–3 cm in diam.; internodes terete, 30–37 cm, obscurely ridged, glabrous, hollow or filled with pith toward culm apex; wall about as thick as cavity; supra-nodal ridge prominent, remains of sheath base persistent. Branches 3–5(–8) per node, unequal. Culm sheaths soon deciduous, oblong, leathery, brown setose, setae densest proximally, longitudinal ribs prominent, margins not ciliate; auricles and oral setae absent; ligule 1–3 mm, shortly ciliate; blade reflexed, linear-lanceolate, narrower than mouth of sheath. Leaves 3 or 4(or 5) per ultimate branch; auricles and oral setae absent; ligule ca. 1 mm; blade lanceolate, 5–10 × 0.5–0.8 cm, secondary veins 2- or 3-paired, transverse veins obscure. Inflorescence unknown.

● 2200–2300 m. Yunnan (Lushui).

The authors compared this species with what is now Himalayacalamus collaris.

In addition, the following species have been described from China:

Fargesia brevistipedis T. P. Yi (J. Bamboo Res. 19(1): 14. 2000) was described from sterile material from Sichuan (Tianquan). In the protologue it was compared with F. pauciflora.

Fargesia incrassata T. P. Yi (J. Bamboo Res. 19(1): 16. 2000) was described from sterile material from Sichuan (Tianquan). In the protologue it was compared with F. fractiflexa (Drepanostachyum fractiflexum in this account).

Fargesia ostrina T. P. Yi (Acta Bot. Yunnan. 22: 251. 2000) was described from Sichuan (Wanyuan). In the protologue it was compared with F. murielae.