《中国植物志》|| 百合科 LILIACEAE ||洋葱组 Sect. Cepa Prokh. ||洋葱 Allium cepa L.

77. 洋葱 图81
Allium cepa L., Sp. Pl. ed. 1, 300. 1753.
鳞茎粗大，近球状至扁球状；鳞茎外皮紫红色、褐红色、淡褐红色、黄色至淡黄色，纸质至薄革质，内皮肥厚，肉质，均不破裂。叶圆筒状，中空，中部以下最粗，向上渐狭，比花葶短，粗在0.5厘米以上。花葶粗壮，高可达1米，中空的圆筒状，在中部以下膨大，向上渐狭，下部被叶鞘；总苞2-3裂；伞形花序球状，具多而密集的花；小花梗长约2.5厘米。花粉白色；花被片具绿色中脉，矩圆状卵形，长4-5毫米，宽约2毫米；花丝等长，稍长于花被片，约在基部1/5处合生，合生部分下部的1/2与花被片贴生，内轮花丝的基部极为扩大，扩大部分每侧各具1齿，外轮的锥形；子房近球状，腹缝线基部具有帘的凹陷蜜穴；花柱长约4毫米。花果期5-7月。
原产亚洲西部，在国内外均广泛栽培。
鳞茎供食用。

《云南植物志》|| 石蒜科 Amaryllidaceae ||葱属 Allium L. ||洋葱 Allium cepa L.

21.洋葱（岭南杂记）
浑提葱（古称，译自阿拉伯语）
Allium cepa L. (1753); C. H. Wright (1903); 图鉴 (1976); 秦岭植物志 (1976); 中国植物志 (1980)*; 西藏植物志 (1987); 云南种子植物名录 (1984); Mckean (1986); 横断山区维管植物 (1994).
A. ophyopogon Lévl. in Fedde (1913); Nakai (1913). pro syn. sub. A. nipponicum Franch. et Sav.; Airy. Show (1931); J. M. Xu, 中国植物志 (1986); pro syn. A. thunbergianum G. Don.
植株高70—80厘米；鳞茎近球形、扁球形，直径5—10厘米，高4—6厘米；外皮紫红色，褐红色，黄色至淡黄色，纸质至薄革质，内皮近肉质，均不破裂。叶4—8，圆筒状，中空，中部以下增粗，向上渐狭，封闭，长40—50厘米，粗5—15毫米。花葶圆筒状，高达100厘米，中空，向上渐狭，下部包藏于叶鞘中；总苞2—3裂；伞形花序球状，花多，密集；花梗长2.5厘米。花粉白色，花被片具绿色中脉，长4—5毫米，宽2—3毫米，花丝稍长于花被片，长4.5—5.5毫米，基部1.5毫米合生并部分地贴生于花被上；内轮的分离部分下部极扩大，扩大部分肩部具1对角状齿，外轮的锥形；子房近球形，腹缝线基部具凹陷的蜜穴，穴旁具帘，花柱长约4毫米。花果期5—7月。
各地栽培。原产西亚，国内外广泛栽培。
鳞茎为各地常用的蔬菜。古代久已引入西域各国，但传至内地，乃是明清以后的事，故得名“洋葱”，而浑提葱却不被人提到了。

《Flora of China》|| Liliaceae || Allium ||洋葱 Allium cepa

98. Allium cepa Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 300. 1753.

洋葱 yang cong

Bulb solitary or clustered, applanate-globose to cylindric-ovoid; tunic purple-red, brown-red, pale brown-red, or yellow to pale yellow, papery to thinly leathery, entire. Leaves shorter than scape, 0.5--2 cm wide, terete, fistulose. Scape developed or not, if developed then to 1 m, terete, conspicuously inflated below middle, fistulose, covered with leaf sheaths only at base. Spathe 2- or 3-valved, persistent. Umbel globose, densely many flowered or with bulblets and a few flowers. Pedicels equal, ca. 5 × as long as perianth, bracteolate. Perianth chalk white or white; segments with green or pale red midvein, oblong-ovate, 4--5 × ca. 2 mm. Filaments equal, slightly longer than perianth segments, connate at base for ca. 1/5 their length, adnate to perianth segments for 1/2 of connate part; outer ones subulate; inner ones broadened at base, 1-toothed on each side. Ovary subglobose, with concave nectaries covered by hoodlike projections at base. Style slightly exserted. Fl. and fr. May--Jul. 2 n = 16*, 32.

Cultivated as a vegetable. Throughout China [widely cultivated elsewhere].

《Flora of North America》|| Liliaceae || Allium || Allium cepa

22. Allium cepa Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 301. 1753.

Cultivated onion

Bulbs 1–3, not rhizomatous, mostly depressed-globose, varying in size from cultivar to cultivar, 5–8 × 3–10 cm; outer coats enclosing 1 or more bulbs, yellowish brown, red, or white, membranous, without reticulation; inner coats white to pink, cells obscure to quadrate. Leaves persistent, 4–10, sheathing proximal 1/6–1/4 scape; blade fistulose, usually ± semicircular in cross section, 10–50 cm × 4–20 mm. Scape persistent, solitary, erect, fistulose, inflated below middle, 30–100 cm × 3–20 mm. Umbel persistent, erect, compact, to 500-flowered, globose, bulbils occasionally found; spathe bracts caducous, 2–3, 3–4-veined, ovate, ± equal, apex acute to acuminate. Flowers stellate to campanulate to urceolate, 3–7 mm; tepals erect to ± spreading, white to pink with greenish midveins, withering in fruit, margins entire, apex obtuse or acute, outer ovate, inner oblong; stamens exserted; anthers white; pollen white; ovary crestless; style linear, ± equaling stamens; stigma capitate, unlobed; pedicel 10–50 mm. Seed coat not known.

Flowering Jun--Aug. Disturbed sites adjacent to areas where cultivated; 0--500 m; Ark., Calif., Kans., La., Mont., Oreg., Tex., Wash.; cultivated in Europe, Asia.

The onion of commerce, Allium cepa is widely cultivated as a biennial in North America, Europe, and Asia. It is unknown in the wild and is probably derived from A. oschanini of central Asia. The cultivated form is often polyploid (2n = 16, 32, 54) and possibly of hybrid origin. It exists in numerous cultivars, a few of which form large bulbils in the umbel.