《中国植物志》|| 锦葵科 MALVACEAE ||木槿属 Hibiscus Linn. ||木槿 Hibiscus syriacus L.

14.木槿（日华本草）木棉、荆条（江苏），朝开暮落花（本草纲目），喇叭花（福建）
Hibiscus syriacus Linn. Sp. Pl. 695, 1753; Cavan. Diss. 3: 169, t. 69, f. 1, 1787; Lour. Fl. Cochinch. 420, 1790; ed. Willd. 511, 1793; Masters in Hook. f. , Fl. Brit, Ind. 1: 344, 1874; Forbes & Hemsl. in Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot. 23: 88, 1886 (Ind. Fl. Sin. 1) ; Gurcke & Diels in Bot. Jahrb. Engler 29: 469, 1900; Hochr. in Ann. Cons. Jard. Bot. Gen. 4: 76, 1900; Gilg in Englers Bot. Jahrb. 34 Beibl. 75: 52, 1904; Diels in ibidem. 36 Beibl. 82: 75, 1905; Matsum. & Hayata in Jour. Coll. Sci. Univ. Tokyo 22: 56, 1906 (Enum. Pl. Formosa); Gagnep. in Lecte. Fl. Gen. Indo-Chine 1: 428, 1910; Pampanini in Nouv. Giorn. Bot. Ital. n. s. 17: 432, 1910; Ulbrich ex Loes. in Beib. Bot. Central. 37 (2): 150, 1919; T. Ito, Ill. Fl. Formosa ed. 2, 479, f. 477, 1928; Liu in Bull. Peking Soc. Nat. Hist. 2 (3): 132, 1928, Hsia in Contr. Inst. Bot. Nat. Acad. Peiping 1: 59, 1931; Hand. Mazz.-Symb. Sin. 7: 608, 1933; in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 52 (b): 164, 1934; Merr. in Trans. Am. Philip. Soc. n. s, 24: 260, 1935; Pei in Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China Bot. 9: 183, 1934; Tsoong in Contr. Inst. Bot. Nat. Acad. Peiping 4: 77, 1936; Kanchira Formosa Trees 75, 1917; rev. ed. 440, 1936; 陈嵘, 中国树木分类学764, 图650, 1937; 贾祖璋, 中国植物图鉴437, 图742, 1937; Sato, Ill. Manch: Mong. Trees 295, f. 222, 1943; Masam. Fl. Kaim. 198, 1943; S. Y. Hu in Jour. West China Bord. Res, Soc. 15 (b): 136, 1945; 崔友文, 华北经济植物志要314, 1953; S. Y. Hu Fl. China Family 153: 51, pl. 10, 1955; 陈焕镛, 海南植物志2: 99, 1965; 昆明植物研究所, 云南植物志2: 229, 图60: 1-3, 1979.——Althaea furtex Hort. ex Miller Gard. Dict. ed. 8, Alt. Hib. 1768, pro syn. ; Jacques in Ann. Soc. Hort. Paris 24: 337, 1844, pro syn.——Ketmia syriaca Scopoli Fl. Carniol. ed 2, 2: 45, 1772.——Hibiscus rhombifolius Cavan. Diss. 3: t. 69, f. 3, 1787.——Ketmia syrorum Medicus Malv. 45, 1787. ——Ketmia srborea Moench Meth. 617, 1794, Hibiscus floridus Salisb. Prodr. 383, 1796.——Hibiscus acerifolius Salisb. ex Hook. Parad. London, 1: t. 33, 1806.——Hibiscus syriacus var. chinensis Lindl. in. Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. 8: 58, 1853.——Hibiscus syriacus var. sinewsis Lemaire in Jard. Fleur. 4: t. 370, 1854.——Hibiscus chinensis auct. non DC. : Forbes & Hemsl. in Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot. 23: 88, 1886 (In. Fl. Sin. 1) ; Hayata Ic. Pl. Formosa 1: 99, 1911; Chung in Mem. Sci. Soc. China 1 (1): 166, 1924 (Cat. Trees & Shrubs China).
落叶灌木，高3-4米，小枝密被黄色星状绒毛。叶菱形至三角状卵形，长3-10厘米，宽2-4厘米，具深浅不同的3裂或不裂，先端钝，基部楔形，边缘具不整齐齿缺，下面沿叶脉微被毛或近无毛；叶柄长5-25毫米，上面被星状柔毛；托叶线形，长约6毫米，疏被柔毛。花单生于枝端叶腋间，花梗长4-14毫米，被星状短绒毛；小苞片6-8，线形，长6-15毫米，宽1-2毫米，密被星状疏绒毛；花萼钟形，长14-20毫米，密被星状短绒毛，裂片5，三角形；花钟形，淡紫色，直径5-6厘米，花瓣倒卵形，长3.5-4.5厘米，外面疏被纤毛和星状长柔毛；雄蕊柱长约3厘米；花柱枝无毛。蒴果卵圆形，直径约12毫米，密被黄色星状绒毛；种子肾形，背部被黄白色长柔毛。花期7-10月。
台湾、福建、广东、广西、云南、贵州、四川、湖南、湖北、安徽、江西、浙江、江苏、山东、河北、河南、陕西等省区，均有栽培，系我国中部各省原产。
主供园林观赏用，或作绿篱材料；茎皮富含纤维，供造纸原料；入药治疗皮肤癣疮。

《云南植物志》|| 锦葵科 Malvaceae ||木槿属 Hibiscus Linn. ||重瓣白花木槿 (变型) Hibiscus syriacus f. albus-plenus Loudon

8b．重瓣白花木槿（变型）
f. albus-plenus Loudon (1875); S. Y. Hu (1955)
本变型花白色，重瓣，直径约6—10厘米。
云南大理、丽江等地州栽培。分布于我国四川、贵州、广东、广西、福建、湖南、湖北、江西、安徽、浙江、江苏等省区。主供园林观赏用；花供蔬菜食用。

《云南植物志》|| 锦葵科 Malvaceae ||木槿属 Hibiscus Linn. ||单瓣白花木槿 (变型) Hibiscus syriacus f. totus-albus T. Moore

8d．单瓣白花木槿（变型）
f. totus-albus T. Moore (1878)*; Rehd. (1927), (1940); S. Y. Hu (1955).
本变型的花纯白色，单瓣。
云南峨山和丽江县栽培。分布于台湾、福建、广东、江西、安徽、陕西、四川、贵州等省。

《云南植物志》|| 锦葵科 Malvaceae ||木槿属 Hibiscus Linn. ||紫花重瓣木槿 (变型) Hibiscus syriacus f. violaceus Gsgnep. f.

8c. 紫花重瓣木槿（变型）
f. violaceus Gagnep. f. (1861); S. Y. Hu (1955).
本变型的花青紫色，重瓣。
云南维西和禄劝乌蒙山栽培。分布于我国四川、贵州和西藏等省区。

《云南植物志》|| 锦葵科 Malvaceae ||木槿属 Hibiscus Linn. ||木槿 Hibiscus syriacus Linn.

8．木槿（日华本草）
朝开暮落花（本草纲目）
Hibiscus syriacus Linn. (1753); Masters in Hook f. (1874); Forbes & Hemsl. (1886); Guerke & Diels (1900); Gagnep. in Lecte. (1910); Hand.-Mazz. (1933), (1934); Merr. (1935); P'ei (1934); 中国树木分类学 (1937)*; 中国植物图鉴 (1937)*; S. Y. Hu (1955); 广州植物志 (1956)*.
Hibiscus syricus var. chinensis Lindl (1853); H. syriacus var. sinensis Lemaire (1854)*.
落叶灌木，高约2-4米，小枝密被星状绒毛。叶菱状卵圆形，长3-7厘米，宽2-4厘米，常3裂，先端钝，基部楔形，边缘具不整齐齿缺，下面沿叶脉微有毛或几无毛；叶柄长约5-25毫米，上面被星状柔毛；托叶线形，长约6毫米，疏被柔毛。花单生于枝端叶腋间，花梗长4-14毫米，被星状短绒毛；小苞片6-7，线形，长6-15毫米，宽1-2毫米，密被星状疏柔毛；萼钟形，长14-20毫米，密被星状短绒毛，裂片5，三角形；花冠钟形，淡紫色，直径约5－6厘米，花瓣倒卵形，长3.5-4.5厘米，外产面疏被纤毛和星状长柔毛；雄蕊柱长3厘米；花柱枝平滑无毛。蒴果卵圆形，直径12毫米，密被金黄色星状绒毛；种子肾形，背部被黄白色长柔毛。花期7—10月。
云南昆明、红河、玉溪、东川、丽江、怒江等地州栽培。分布于我国台湾、福建、广东、广西、贵州、四川湖南、湖北、江西、安徽、浙江、江苏、山东、陕西、河南等省区。供园林观赏或作绿篱材料；茎皮富含纤维，供造纸原料；入药治疗皮肤癣疮。

《云南植物志》|| 锦葵科 Malvaceae ||木槿属 Hibiscus Linn. ||木槿 (变种) Hibiscus syriacus var. syriacus

8a. 木槿（变种） 图版 60，1-3
var. syriacus
落叶灌木，高约2-4米，小枝密被星状绒毛。叶菱状卵圆形，长3-7厘米，宽2-4厘米，常3裂，先端钝，基部楔形，边缘具不整齐齿缺，下面沿叶脉微有毛或几无毛；叶柄长约5-25毫米，上面被星状柔毛；托叶线形，长约6毫米，疏被柔毛。花单生于枝端叶腋间，花梗长4-14毫米，被星状短绒毛；小苞片6-7，线形，长6-15毫米，宽1-2毫米，密被星状疏柔毛；萼钟形，长14-20毫米，密被星状短绒毛，裂片5，三角形；花冠钟形，淡紫色，直径约5－6厘米，花瓣倒卵形，长3.5-4.5厘米，外产面疏被纤毛和星状长柔毛；雄蕊柱长3厘米；花柱枝平滑无毛。蒴果卵圆形，直径12毫米，密被金黄色星状绒毛；种子肾形，背部被黄白色长柔毛。花期7—10月。
云南昆明、红河、玉溪、东川、丽江、怒江等地州栽培。分布于我国台湾、福建、广东、广西、贵州、四川湖南、湖北、江西、安徽、浙江、江苏、山东、陕西、河南等省区。供园林观赏或作绿篱材料；茎皮富含纤维，供造纸原料；入药治疗皮肤癣疮。

《Flora of North America》|| Malvaceae || Hibiscus || Hibiscus syriacus

1. Hibiscus syriacus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 695. 1753.
[I]

Rose-of-Sharon, shrub althaea, Korean hibiscus Rose-of-Sharon, shrub althaea, Korean hibiscus

Shrubs to 4 m. Stems: twigs ± glabrous except for line of minute, curved hairs running length of internode. Leaves: stipules linear to filiform, 2.5–12 mm; petiole mostly 1/4–1/2 blade, densely hairy adaxially; blade broadly rhombic-ovate, usually 3-lobed, sometimes unlobed in inflorescence, 3.5–9.5 × 2.5–8.5 cm, base cuneate or rounded, margins coarsely crenate-serrate, apex acute to short-acuminate, surfaces glabrate, midvein with nectary abaxially. Inflorescences solitary flowers or few-flowered clusters in axils of distal leaves. Pedicels jointed at or near base, to 1.5 cm, densely, minutely stellate-hairy; involucellar bractlets 7 or 8, linear or narrowly oblanceolate, 0.9–2.2 cm, unequal in length, margins not ciliate, densely stellate-hairy throughout. Flowers horizontal or ascending, sometimes double; calyx lobed 1/2 length, broadly campanulate, 1.6–2 cm, lobes triangular, apices acute or short-acuminate, minutely and densely stellate-hairy throughout, nectaries absent; corolla broadly funnelform, petals pink, lavender, blue, or white, usually dark red basally, obliquely obovate, 3.5–7.5 × 2.5–5.5 cm, margins entire or repand, sometimes undulate, finely hairy where exposed in bud; staminal column white, 2.5–3.5 cm, bearing filaments nearly throughout, free portion of filaments not secund, mostly 1.5–3 mm; pollen cream; styles white, 3–8 mm, branches sometimes of unequal lengths; stigmas white. Capsules greenish tan, ovoid, 1.5–2.5 cm, apex apiculate, minutely, densely stellate-hairy. Seeds reddish brown, reniform-ovoid, laterally flattened, 4–5 mm, glabrous laterally, long-hairy dorsally, hairs straight, reddish orange. 2n = 40, 80, 90 (all cultivars).

Flowering mid–late summer. Old home sites, roadsides, disturbed areas; 0–300 m; introduced; Ala., Conn., Del., D.C., Ga., Ill., Kans., Ky., La., Miss., Mo., Nebr., N.Y., N.C., Pa., S.C., Tenn., Utah, Va., W.Va.; Asia (China); introduced also in Mexico, Bermuda, Central America, w South America, s Eurasia, Pacific Islands (New Zealand), Australia.

Hibiscus syriacus is not the biblical Rose-of-Sharon, which is identified as Lilium candidum or Tulipa agenensis subsp. boissieri (D. J. Mabberley 2008).

Hibiscus syriacus is widely cultivated as an ornamental and sometimes persists or escapes. It has been reported from southern Canada, Indiana, Ohio, and Texas; I have not seen specimens from those areas. Double and semidouble forms of H. syriacus are in cultivation.

《Flora of China》|| Malvaceae || Hibiscus ||木槿 Hibiscus syriacus

15. Hibiscus syriacus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 695. 1753.

木槿 mu jin

Ketmia arborea Moench, nom. illeg. superfl.; K. syriaca (Linnaeus) Scopoli; K. syrorum Moench, nom. illeg. superfl..

Shrubs deciduous, erect, 1.5-4 m tall. Branchlets yellow stellate puberulent. Stipules filiform-subulate, ca. 6 mm, pilose; petiole 5-25 mm, stellate pubescent adaxially; leaf blade rhomboid to triangular-ovate or broadly lanceolate, variously 3-lobed or entire, 3-10 × 2-4 cm, papery, abaxially puberulent along veins or glabrous, adaxially glabrous, basal veins 3-5, base cuneate, margin irregularly incised, apex obtuse to subacute. Flowers solitary, axillary on upper branches. Pedicel 4-14 mm, stellate puberulent. Epicalyx lobes 6-8, filiform, 6-20 × 0.5-2 mm, ± free, connate at base only, densely stellate puberulent, apex obtuse or acute. Calyx campanulate, 14-20 mm, densely stellate puberulent, lobes 5, triangular. Corolla blue-purple, violet, white, pink, or reddish, sometimes with darker center, campanulate, sometimes double, 5-6 cm in diam.; petals obovate, 3.5-4.5 cm, pilose and stellate villous abaxially. Staminal column ca. 3 cm. Style glabrous. Capsule ovoid-globose, ca. 12 mm in diam., densely yellow stellate puberulent. Seeds reniform, with yellow-white hairs abaxially. Fl. Jul-Oct.

● Sea cliffs, hillsides, along streams, roadsides, also extensively cultivated; below 1200 m. Native in Anhui, Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangsu, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, and Zhejiang; cultivated in Fujian, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, and Xizang [cultivated in most tropical and temperate regions].

Despite the specific epithet, Hibiscus syriacus originated in China but was taken into cultivation very early and was distributed to the Middle East along early trade routes. It is a very popular frost-hardy flowering shrub from which many named cultivars have been developed, some of which have been given formal scientific names. These include:

H. syriacus var. alboplenus Loudon (白花重瓣木槿 bai hua chong ban mu jin): Flowers double, white, 6-10 cm in diam.

H. syriacus var. amplissimus L. F. Gagnepain (粉紫重瓣木槿 fen zi chong ban mu jin): Flowers double, pink-purple with red center.

H. syriacus var. brevibracteatus S. Y. Hu (短苞木槿 duan bao mu jin): Leaf blade rhomboid, base cuneate. Flowers single, purplish. Epicalyx lobes very small, 3-5 × 0.5-1 mm, silky.

H. syriacus var. elegantissimus L. F. Gagnepain (雅致木槿 ya zhi mu jin): Flowers double, pink, 6-7 cm in diam.

H. syriacus var. grandiflorus Rehder (大花木槿 da hua mu jin): Flowers single, peach or red.

H. syriacus var. longibracteatus S. Y. Hu (长苞木槿 chang bao mu jin): Flowers single, purplish. Epicalyx lobes nearly as long as sepals, 15-20 × 1-2 mm.

H. syriacus var. paeoniiflorus L. F. Gagnepain (牡丹木槿 mu dan mu jin): Flowers double, pink or purplish, 7-9 cm in diam.

H. syriacus var. totoalbus T. Moore (白花牡丹木槿 bai hua dan ban mu jin): Flowers single, white.

H. syriacus var. violaceus L. F. Gagnepain (紫花重瓣木槿 zi hua chong ban mu jin): Flowers double, greenish purple.