《中国植物志》|| 香蒲科 TYPHACEAE ||有苞组 Sect. Bracteolatae Kronf. ||水烛 Typha angustifolia L.

6. 水烛 蒲草、水蜡烛、狭叶香蒲 图版2: 6-7
Typha angustifolia Linn. Sp. Pl. 971. 1753; Graebn. in Engl. Pflanzenr. IV. 8: 11. f. 44 B. 1900; 华东水生维管束植物7. 图5, 59. 1952; Hatusima in Mem. Fac. Agr. 7(2): 329. 1970;中国高等植物图鉴5: 2. 图6833. 1976; 江苏植物志 上册124. 图194. 1977; Hara et al., Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1: 87. 1978;台湾植物志5: 825. 1978; Cook in Tutin et al. Fl. Europ. 5: 275. 1980;中国水生维管束植物图谱26. 图13. 1983; 中国水生高等植物图说183. 图123. 1983; 内蒙古植物志7: 1, 3. 图版1.5-7. 1983; 北京植物志2: 1136. 图1354. 1987.
多年生，水生或沼生草本。根状茎乳黄色、灰黄色，先端白色。地上茎直立，粗壮，高约1.5-2.5 (-3) 米。叶片长54-120厘米，宽0.4-0.9厘米，上部扁平，中部以下腹面微凹，背面向下逐渐隆起呈凸形，下部横切面呈半圆形，细胞间隙大，呈海绵状；叶鞘抱茎。雌雄花序相距2.5-6.9厘米；雄花序轴具褐色扁柔毛，单出，或分叉；叶状苞片1-3枚，花后脱落；雌花序长15-30厘米，基部具1枚叶状苞片，通常比叶片宽，花后脱落；雄花由3枚雄蕊合生，有时2枚或4枚组成，花药长约2毫米，长距圆形，花粉粉单体，近球形、卵形或三角形，纹饰网状，花丝短，细弱，下部合生成柄，长 (1.5-) 2-3毫米，向下渐宽；雌花具小苞片；孕性雌花柱头窄条形或披针形，长约1.3-1.8毫米，花柱长1-1.5毫米，子房纺锤形，长约1毫米，具褐色斑点，子房柄纤细，长约5毫米；不孕雌花子房倒圆锥形，长1-1.2毫米，具褐色斑点，先端黄褐色，不育柱头短尖；白色丝状毛着生于子房柄基部，并向上延伸，与小苞片近等长，均短于柱头。小坚果长椭圆形，长约1.5毫米，具褐色斑点，纵裂。种子深褐色，长约1-1.2毫米。花果期6-9月。2n=30。
产黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、内蒙古、河北、山东、河南、陕西、甘肃、新疆、江苏、湖北、云南、台湾等省区。生于湖泊、河流、池塘浅水处，水深稀达1米或更深，沼泽、沟渠亦常见，当水体干枯时可生于湿地及地表龟裂环境中。尼泊尔、印度、巴基斯坦、日本、原苏联、欧洲、美洲及大洋洲等亦有分布。
本种分布较广，植株高大，叶片较长，雌花序粗大。
本种经济价值较高，花粉即蒲黄入药；叶片用于编织、造纸等；幼叶基部和根状茎先端可作蔬食；雌花序可作枕芯和坐垫的填充物，是重要的水生经济植物之一。另外，本种叶片挺拔，花序粗壮，常用于花卉观赏。

《云南植物志》|| 香蒲科 Typhaceae nom. conserv. ||香蒲属 Typha L. ||狭叶香蒲 Typha angustifolia L.

2．狭叶香蒲
蒲草、水蜡烛（洱源）
Typha angustifolia L. (1753); Graebn. in Engl. (1900); N. E. Brown (1903); 裴鉴, 单人骅 (1952)*; 刘慎谔等 (1959); 秦岭植物志 (1976)*; 图鉴 (1976)*; 台湾植物志 (1978).
Typha orientalis auct. non Presl: Hand.-Mazz. (1936).
多年生草本，具匍匐茎；茎直立，高0.5—3米，髓白色。叶线形，宽0.6—1.6厘米，上部扁平，背面下部稍隆起，腹面具槽；叶鞘常具有叶耳，下部筒状抱茎，具膜质边缘。雌花序和雄花序分离，相距0.5—12厘米；雌花序圆柱形，长8—28厘米，有时更长，偶有分为2节的，粗0.8—2厘米，深褐色或红褐色；雄花序较细，长15—30厘米，常比雌花序长；雌花着生于短棒状的复合花梗上，梗上多密集的长毛杂以小苞片；小苞片长约为毛长的2／3，棕褐色，匙形具细柄，质硬，不透明，先端平截；子房棕褐色，线形（常不育）或纺锤形，具长柄；花柱伸长，比子房柄短或近等长；柱头扁，披针形，在花序上外露，常弯曲；雄蕊2—3着生于一细小的花梗上，其间夹杂有狭线形或狭匙形的棕色毛状苞片；花药线形，花隔外凸成棒状或圆球形；花粉细胞单粒，橙黄色。花果期6—8月。
产洱源、丽江等地，生于海拔1900—2300米的河边、池塘边、湖滨或浅水沼泽地；东北、山西、陕西、山东、江苏、安徽、浙江、福建、台湾、江西、湖北、湖南、贵州、四川、广西、广东都有。分布于北温带大部分地区。
叶为造纸原料，脱胶后的纤维可织麻袋和制绳；还可编蒲包、蒲扇、蒲席等；蒲绒是枕头、坐垫的填充物；花粉供药用。

《Flora of China》|| Typhaceae || Typha ||水烛 Typha angustifolia

7. Typha angustifolia Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 971. 1753.

水烛 shui zhu

Stems 1.5-3 m tall, stout. Leaves 52-120 cm × 4-9 mm, abaxially convex, transverse section semicircular. Male part of spikes ca. 8 cm, with 1-3 deciduous bracts; female part of spikes (5-)15-30 cm, separated from male part by an axis 2.5-7 cm. Male flowers: stamens 3, rarely 2 or 4; anthers ca. 2 mm. Female flowers with bracteoles; bracteoles filiform; ovary fusiform; stalk ca. 5 mm, slender; styles 1-1.5 mm; stigmas linear to lanceolate, 1.3-1.8 mm; hairs on stalk shorter than style. Fruit narrowly elliptic. Fl. and fr. Jun-Sep. 2n = 30.

Shallow water of lakes, ponds, and rivers. ?Anhui, ?Fujian, Gansu, Guizhou, ?Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, ?Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Taiwan, Xinjiang, Yunnan, ?Zhejiang [?Afghanistan, India, Indonesia, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Russia, Tajikistan, Thailand, Uzbekistan; SW Asia, Australia, Europe, North America].

《Flora of North America》|| Typhaceae || Typha || Typha angustifolia

2. Typha angustifolia Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 971. 1753.

Narrow-leaved cat-tail, quenouille à feuilles étroites

Erect shoots 150--300 cm, not glaucous; flowering shoots 5--12 mm thick in middle; stems 2--3 mm thick near inflorescence. Leaves: sheath sides membranous, margin broadly clear, summit with membranous auricles which often disintegrate late in season; mucilage glands at sheath-blade transition brown, absent from blade and usually from sheath center near summit; widest blades on shoot 4--12 mm wide when fresh, 3--8 mm when dry; distal blade usually markedly exceeding inflorescence. Inflorescences: staminate spikes separated from pistillate by 1--8(--12) cm of naked axis, ca. as long as pistillate, 1 cm thick in anthesis; staminate scales variable in same spike, straw-colored to medium brown, filiform, simple to bifid or sometimes cuneate and irregularly branched, to 6  0.1 mm; pistillate spikes in flower when fresh dark brown with whitish stigmas (drying brown), later medium brown, in fruit when fresh as stigmas wear off often greenish due to green carpodia, (4--)6--20 cm  5--6 mm in flower, 13--22 mm in fruit; compound pedicels in fruit peg-like, 0.5--0.7 mm; pistillate bracteole blades forming spike surface before flowering, later exceeded by stigmas and about equaling or slightly exceeded by pistil hairs, very dark to medium brown, much darker than (or sometimes as dark as) stigmas, irregularly spatulate, 0.6  0.1--0.2 mm, wider than or about as wide as stigmas, apex rounded (to acute). Staminate flowers 4--6 mm; anthers 1.5--2 mm, thecae yellow, apex dark brown; pollen in monads or some in irregular clusters. Pistillate flowers 2 mm in flower, 5--7 mm in fruit; pistil-hair tips medium brown, distinctly swollen at 10--20X; stigmas sometimes deciduous in fruit, in flower erect, elongating, bending to form surface mat, white in flower, drying brownish, later medium brown, narrowly linear-lanceolate, 0.6--1.4  0.1 mm; carpodia slightly exceeded by and visible among pistil hairs at mature spike surface, green when young and fresh, straw-colored with orange-brown spots when dry, apex nearly truncate. 2n = 30.

Flowering late spring--summer. Often somewhat brackish or subsaline water or wet soil; 0--1900 m; B.C., Man., N.B., N.S., Ont., P.E.I., Que., Sask.; Ark., Calif., Colo., Conn., Del., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Mo., [Mont.], Nebr., Nev., N.H., N.J., N.Mex., N.Y., N.C., N.Dak., Ohio, Okla., Oreg., Pa., R.I., S.C., S.Dak., Tenn., Vt., Va., Wash., W. Va., Wis., Wyo.; Eurasia.

Prior to N. Hotchkiss and H. L. Dozier (1949), Typha domingensis was generally included within T. angustifolia in North America. Because of many misidentified specimens, range expansion in recent years, and undercollecting, the distribution on the margins of the main range is somewhat uncertain. Many literature reports are based on misidentified specimens. Some workers suggested T. angustifolia was early introduced from Europe into Atlantic Coastal North America and migrated westward (R. L. Stuckey and D. P. Salamon 1987). In recent decades it has expanded its range in many regions and become much more abundant, especially in roadside ditches and other highly disturbed habitats. For example, although it was known only from one Wisconsin station in 1929 (N. C. Fassett 1930) and was very local in Iowa in 1939 (A. Hayden 1939), it is now common and widespread in both states. As it often out-competes many native marsh species to produce very dense, pure stands, and hybridizes with T. latifolia to form the probably even more competitive T. glauca, T. angustifolia and T. glauca should perhaps be classified as noxious weeds in parts of North America. Beyond the main range of T. angustifolia, there are specimens of T. glauca from north-central Montana (Phillips County.), west-central Manitoba (La Pas), and Anticosti Island, Quebec. There are m Many erroneous reports have come from outside of Europe and North America. For hybrids see also genus and key.

SELECTED REFERENCES

Fassett, N. C. 1930. Preliminary rReports of the Fflora of Wisconsin. Pandanales. Proc. Wis.Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 25 Acad. Sci., Arts and Letters 25: 183--187. Hayden, A. 1939. Notes on Typha angustifolia in Iowa. Iowa State Coll. J. Sci. 13: 341--351. Stuckey, R. L. and D. P. Salamon. 1987. Typha angustifolia in North America: Aa foreigner masquerading as a native. [Abstract.] Ohio J. Sci. 87: 4. [Abstract.]