《中国植物志》|| 百合科 LILIACEAE ||葱族 Allicea ||葱属 Allium L.

32. 葱属——Allium L.
L. , sp. pl. ed. 1, 294. 1755; et Gen. pl. ed. 5, 143. 1754; G. Don, Monogr. All. 1827; Regel, All. Monogr. 1875; Vved. in Fl. URSS 4: 112. 1935; Stearn in Herbertia 11: 45. 1946; Ha. rold E. Moore in Baileya 2, 3-4: 103, 117. 1954; et. 3, 3-4: 137, 156, 1955.
多年生草本，绝大部分的种具特殊的葱蒜气味；具根状茎或根状茎不甚明显；地下部分的
肥厚叶鞘形成鳞茎，鳞茎形态多样，从圆柱状直到球状，最外面的为鳞茎外皮，质地多样，可为膜质，革质或纤维质；须根从鳞茎基部或根状茎上长出，通常细长，在有的种中则增粗，肉质化，甚至呈块根状。叶形多样，从扁平的狭条形到卵圆形，从实心到空心的圆柱状，基部直接与闭合的叶鞘相连，无叶柄或少数种类叶片基部收狭为叶柄，叶柄再与闭合的叶鞘相连。花葶从鳞茎基部长出，有的生于中央（由顶芽形成），有的侧生（由侧芽形成），露出地面的部分被叶鞘或裸露；伞形花序生于花葶的顶端，开放前为一闭合的总苞所包，开放时总苞单侧开裂或2至数裂，早落或宿存；小花梗无关节，基部有或无小苞片；花两性，极少退化为单性（但仍可见到退化的雌、雄蕊）；花被片6，排成两轮，分离或基部靠合成管状；雄蕊6枚，排成两轮，花丝全缘或基部扩大而每侧具齿，通常基部彼此合生并与花被片贴生，有时合生部位较高而成筒状；子房3室，每室一至数胚珠，沿腹缝线的部位具蜜腺，蜜腺的位置多在腹缝线基部，蜜腺的形状多样，有的平坦，有的凹陷，有的具帘，有的隆起等等，花柱单一；柱头全缘或3裂。蒴果室背开裂。种子黑色，多棱形或近球状。
约有500种，分布于北半球。我国有110种（包括变种和引进的外来种），主要分布在东北、华北、西北、和西南地区，生于干旱地区的种类较多，但有的种类则生于荫湿的沟边林下或多水的草甸上。
本属植物花葶上不具叶或叶状苞片；伞形花序生于花葶顶端，花序开放前为一闭合的总苞所包，开放时总苞破裂。很容易区别于本科其他各属。
本属的不少种类可以食用，有的种类已作为蔬菜长期广泛栽培，如蒜 A. sativum L. 、葱 A. fistulosum L. 、韭 A. tuberosum. Rottl. exspreng. 、富藠A. chinense G. Don. 洋葱 A. cepa L. 等等。有的种类亦可作药用，如薤白A. macrostemon Bunge、蒜、韭、葱等等的鳞茎或种子。
分类系统表
组1. 宽叶组——Sect. Anguinum G. Don, Monogr. All. 96. 1827.
鳞茎柱状圆锥形；外皮纤维质，明显的网状；叶常为2枚，对生状，少为l或3枚，条形至卵圆形，基部常收狭成叶柄；花丝全缘；子房基部收狭成短柄，每室1胚珠。
1. 茖葱　A. victorialis L.
1a. 对叶韭 A. victorialis L. var. listera (Stearn) J. M. Xu
2. 卵叶韭 A. ovalifolium Hand. -Mzt.
2a. 白脉韭 A. ovalifolium Hand. -Mzt. var. leuconeurum J. M. Xu
3. 心叶韭 A. cordifolium J. M. Xu.
4. 玉簪叶韭 A. funckiaefolium Hand.-Mzt.
5. 短葶韭 A. nanodes Airy-Shaw
6. 太白韭 A. prattii C. H. Wright apud Forb. et Hemsl.
组2. 粗根组——Sect. Bromatorrhiza Ekberg in Bot. Not. 122, 1: 57. 1969.
根粗壮；鳞茎圆柱状；外皮纤维质至膜质，网状或纤维状，条裂或全缘；叶条形，具明显的中脉；花葶具2或3纵稜，很少无纵稜；子房每室2胚珠，少为1胚珠。
7. 宽叶韭　A. hookeri Thwaites
7a. 木里韭 A. hookeri Thwaites var. muliense Airy-Shaw
8. 三柱韭 A. humile Kunth var. trifurcatum Wang et Tang
9. 粗根韭 A. fasciculatum Rendle
10. 多星韭 A. wallichii Kunth
10a. 柳叶韭 A. wallichii Kunth. var. platyphyllum (Diels) J. M. Xu
11. 剑川韭 A. chienchuanense J. M. Xu
12. 大花韭 A. macranthum Baker
13. 杯花韭 A. cyathophorum Bur. et Franch.
13a. 甘韭 A. cyathophorum Bur. et Franch. var. farreri Stearn
组3. 根茎组——Sect. Rhiziridium G. Don, Monogr. All. 55. 1827.
鳞茎圆柱状、圆锥状或卵状圆柱形，少有为卵状，常数枚聚生，具明显的根状茎；鳞茎外皮膜质、薄革质、革质或纤维质，全缘或条裂，纤维状或网状；叶条形、半圆柱状或圆柱状，中空或实心；花丝全缘，或基部扩大而每侧具齿或齿片，齿和齿片不超过中间的着药花丝；子房每室2胚珠。
14. 西疆韭 A. teretifolium Regel
15. 褐皮韭 A. korolkowii Regel
16. 天山韭 A. deserticolum M. Pop.
17. 贺兰韭 A. eduardii Stearn
18. 青甘韭 A. przewalskianum Regel
19. 管花葱 A. siphonanthum J. M. Xu
20. 白头韭 A. leucocephalum Turcz.
21. 新疆韭 A. flavidum Ledeb.
22. 北韭 A. lineare L.
23. 辉韭 A. strictum Schrader
24. 滩地韭 A. oreoprasum Schrenk
25. 韭 A. tuberosum Rottl. ex Spreng.
26. 野韭 A. ramosum L.
27. 碱韭 A. polyrhizum Turcz. ex Regel
28. 永登韭 A yongdengense J. M. Xu
29. 蒙古韭 A. mongolicum Regel
30. 疏生韭 A. caespitosum Siev. ex Bong. et Mey.
31. 砂韭 A. bidentatum Fisch. ex Prokh.
32. 短齿韭 A. dentigerum Prokh.
33. 蓝花韭 A. beesianum W. W. Sm.
34. 齿被韭 A. yuanum Wang et Tang
35. 高山韭 A. sikkimense Baker
36. 天蓝韭 A. cyaneum Regel
37. 针叶韭 A. aciphyllum J. M. Xu
38. 疏花韭 A. henryi C. H. Wright
39. 异梗韭 A. heteronema Wang et Tang
40. 天蒜 A. paepalanthoides Airy-Shaw
41. 多叶韭 A. plurifoliatum Rendle
41a. 雾灵韭 A. plurifoliatum Rendle var. stenodon (Nakai et Kitag.) J. M. Xu.
41b. 鹧鸪韭 A. plurifoliatum Rendle var. zhegushanense J. M.Xu
42. 滇韭 A. mairei Levl.
43. 梭沙韭 A. forrestii Diels
44. 钟花韭 A. kingdonii Stearn
45. 昌都韭 A. changduense J. M. Xu
46. 细叶韭 A. tenuissimum L.
47. 矮韭 A. anisopodium Ledeb.
47a. 糙葶韭 A. anisopodium Ledeb. var. zimmermannianum (Gilg) Wang et Tang
48. 蒙古野韭 A. prostratum Trevir.
49. 泰山韭 A. taishanense J. M. Xu
50. 冀韭 A. chiwui Wang et Tang
51. 山韭 A. senescens L.
52. 齿丝山韭 A. nutans L.
53. 宽苞韭 A. platyspathum Schrenk
54. 镰叶韭 A. carolinianum DC.
55. 帕里韭 A. phariense Rendle
56. 高葶韭 A. obliquum L.
57. 北疆韭 A. hymenorrhizum Ledeb.
57a. 旱生韭 A. hymenorrhizum Ledeb. var. dentatum J. M. Xu
58. 草地韭 A. kaschianum Regel
59. 丝叶韭 A. setifolium Schrenk.
60. 蜜囊韭 A. subtilissimum Ledeb.
61. 石生韭 A caricoides Regel
62. 长柱韭 A. longistylum Baker
63. 长喙葱 A. globosum MB. ex Redoute
64. 黄花葱 A. condensatum Turcz.
65. 西川韭 A. xichuanense J. M. Xu
66. 野黄韭 A. rude J. M. Xu
67. 折被韭 A. chrysocephalum Regel
68. 金头韭 A. herderianum Regel
69. 坛丝韭 A. weschniakowii Regol
70. 管丝韭 A. sennenovii Regel
组4. 葱组——Sect. Schoenoprasum G. Don, Monogr. All. 27. 1827.
鳞茎圆柱状至卵状圆柱形；鳞茎外皮膜质至薄革质，全缘或条裂，很少略成纤维状；花葶粗壮，中空的圆柱状；叶粗壮，中空的圆柱状；小花梗基部无小苞片；花丝全缘。
71. 蓝苞葱 A. atrosanguineum Schrenk
72. 北葱 A. schoenoprasum L.
72a. 糙葶北葱 A. schoenoprasum L. var. scaberrimum Regel
73. 硬皮葱 A. ledebourianum Roem. et Schult.
74. 野葱 A. chrysanthum Regel
75. 阿尔泰葱 A. altaicum Pall.
76. 葱A. fistulosum L.
组5. 洋葱组——Sect. Cepa Prokh. in Bull. Appl. Bot. Pl. Breed. 24: 180. 1930.
鳞茎球状、扁球状、卵球状、矩圆状卵形，稀基部增粗的圆柱状；鳞茎外皮膜质至薄革质，全缘；花葶粗壮，中空或实心的圆柱状；叶粗壮，中空的圆柱状；小花梗基部具小苞片；内轮花丝基部扩大，每侧各具1齿。
77. 洋葱 A. cepa L.
77a. 红葱 A. cepa L. var. proliferum Regel
78. 火萝A. ascalonicum L. 79. 实葶葱 A. galanthum Kar. et Kir.
组6. 单生组——Sect. Haplostemon Boiss., Fl. Orient. 5: 230, (249) . 1882.
鳞茎常单生，罕为数枚聚生，球状、卵球状、矩圆状卵形或卵状，很少狭卵状，具不明显的根状茎；叶圆柱状、半圆柱状或稜柱状，少有条形；花葶的地上部分常较高地被叶鞘所包；花丝全缘，或内轮的基部扩大，每侧各具1齿或齿片，齿或齿片比中间着药花丝短；子房每室2胚珠。
80. 灰皮葱　A. grisellum J. M. Xu
81. 藠头 A. chinense G. Don
82. 白花葱 A. yanchiense J. M. Xu
83. 松潘韭 A. songpanicum J. M. Xu
84. 球序韭 A. thunbergii G. Don
85. 唐古韭 A. tanguticum Regel
86. 真籽韭 A. eusperma Airy-Shaw
87. 头花韭 A. glomeratum Prokh.
88. 小山蒜 A. pallasii Murr.
89. 薤白 A. macrostemon Bunge
90. 稜叶韭 A. caeruleum Pall.
91. 类北葱 A. schoenoprasoides Regel
92. 单花韭 A. monanthum Maxim.
组7. 长齿组——Sect. Porrum G. Don, Monogr. All. 4. 1827.
鳞茎单生，球状至矩圆状卵形；叶条形；花葶地上部分较高地为叶鞘所包；内轮花丝基部扩大，每侧各具1齿，齿端长丝状，超过中间的着药花丝；子房每室2胚珠。
93. 韭葱 A. porrum L.
94. 蒜 A. sativum L.
组8. 多籽组——Sect. Molium G. Don, Monogr. Alll. 72. 1827.
鳞茎单生，球状或卵球状；叶宽条形或条状披针形；花葶下部被叶鞘；花丝全缘或内轮的基部扩大，每侧各具1或2齿，齿比中间的着药花丝短；子房每室具4枚以上的胚珠。
95. 新疆蒜 A.sinkiangense Wang et Y.C. Tang
96. 星花蒜 A. decipiens Fisch.ex Roem. et Schult.
97. 多籽蒜 A. fetisowii Regel
组9. 合被组——Sect. Caloscordum (Herb. ) Baker in Journ. of Bot. 3: 290. 1874. ——Caloscordum Herb. in Bot. Reg. 30: Misc. 66. 1844.
植株无葱蒜的特殊气味；鳞茎单生，球状；叶条形；花葶基部被叶鞘；花被片中下部彼此靠合成管状；花丝全缘，合生至中部并与花被片贴生；子房每室 (3-) 4-8胚珠。
98. 合被韭 A. tubiflorum Rendle
99. 长梗韭 A. neriniflorum Baker

《云南植物志》|| 石蒜科 Amaryllidaceae ||石蒜科 Amaryllidaceae ||葱属 Allium L.

1.葱属 Allium L.
多年生草本，绝大部分的种具特殊的葱蒜气味；具根状茎，有时根状茎不明显；地下部分的肥厚叶鞘形成鳞茎，鳞茎形态多样，从圆柱状直到球状，最外面的为鳞茎外皮，质地多样，可为膜质，革质或纤维质；须根从鳞茎基部或根状茎上长出，通常纤细，在有的种内则增粗，甚而肉质化，呈块根状。叶形多样，从扁平的狭线形直到卵圆形，从实心直到中空的圆柱状，基部直接与闭合的叶鞘相连，无叶柄或少数种类的叶片基部收狭为叶柄。花葶从鳞茎基部长出；伞形花序生于花葶顶端，为一闭合的总苞所包；开放时总苞单侧开裂或2至数裂，早落或宿存；小花梗无关节，基部有或无小苞片；花两性，极少退化为单性（但仍可见退化的雌雄蕊）；花被片6枚，排成两轮，分离或基部靠合成管状；雄蕊6枚，排成两轮，花丝全缘或基部扩大而每侧具齿，通常基部彼此合生并与花被片贴生，有时合生部位较高而成筒状；子房上位，3室，每室1至数胚珠，沿腹缝线的部位具蜜腺，蜜腺的位置多在腹缝线基部，蜜腺的形状多样，有的平坦，有的凹陷，有的具帘，有的呈囊状隆起等，花柱单一，柱头全缘或3裂。蒴果室背开裂。种子黑色，多棱，球状。
约500—700种，分布于北半球。我国有110种（包括引进的栽培种）。云南有26种。

《Flora of China》|| Liliaceae || ||葱属 Allium

32. Allium Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 294. 1753.

葱属 cong shu

Xu Jiemei (许介眉); Rudolf V. Kamelin

Allium nanodes Credit: Harvard University Herbaria

《Flora of North America》|| Liliaceae || || Allium

44. Allium Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 294. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 143. 1754.

Onion [Latin, classical name for garlic]

Dale W. McNeal Jr. & T. D. Jacobsen

Herbs, perennial, scapose, from tunicate bulbs, with onion odor and taste. Bulbs solitary or clustered, dividing at base, or on rhizomes, reforming annually; outer coats generally brown or gray, smooth, fibrous, or with cellular reticulation (generally important in identification); inner coats membranous. Leaves generally withering from tip by anthesis, usually persistent, 1–12, basal; blade usually linear, terete, channeled, or flat (carinate in A. sativum, A. praecox, A. tuberosum, A. rotundum, A. neapolitanum, A. triquetrum, A. unifolium, and A. lacunosum), straight or ± falcate (coiled or circinate in A. nevadense and A. atrorubens), broader in A. victorialis and A. tricoccum, not petiolate (except in A. tricoccum and A. victorialis). Scape usually persistent, terete or flattened. Inflorescences umbellate, flowering centripetally (centrifugally in A. schoenoprasum), sometimes replaced totally or partially by bulbils, subtended by spathe bracts; bracts conspicuous, ± fused, usually 3+-veined, equaling pedicel except in some introduced species, membranous. Flowers erect (pendent in A. triquetrum); tepals 6, in 2 similar whorls, ± distinct, petallike, usually becoming becoming dry and persisting; stamens 6, epipetalous; filaments in all but 1 native species broad at base, fused into ring (some introduced species and A. victorialis appendaged), linear, generally glabrous (A. rotundum and A. hoffmanii papillose to ciliate proximally); anthers and pollen variously colored; ovary superior, 3-lobed, sometimes crested with processes, 3-locular, usually 2 ovules per locule (6–8 in A. nigrum), crest processes 3 or 6, smooth except in A. haematochiton, A. sharsmithiae, and A. lacunosum; style 1; stigma capitate to ± 3-lobed; pedicel erect or spreading (lax in A. triquetrum). Fruits capsular, dehiscence loculicidal. Seeds black, obovoid, finely cellular-reticulate, cells smooth or minutely roughened, with 1–8 papillae, without caruncle except in A. triquetrum. x = 7, 8, 9.

Species 550–700 (96 in the flora): mostly Northern Hemisphere.

As with many other genera in the Liliaceae sensu lato, Allium has been segregated into a separate family, Alliaceae, by most recent authors (R. Dahlgren et al. 1985; K. Rahn 1998; A. L. Takhtajan 1997; R. F. Thorne 1992).Old World species of Allium are generally placed in subgenera and sections. Attempts to treat New World species similarly have gained less acceptance. H. P. Traub (1972) recognized subg. Amerallium, encompassing all of the x = 7 North American members of the genus.

P. Hanelt (1992) placed the Old World x = 7 species also in that subgenus, which includes all but three of the North American species (A. schoenoprasum, A. tricoccum, and A. victorialis), which have x = 8. These latter species have been placed in subg. Rhizirideum (P. Hanelt 1992). Resolution of the problematic subgeneric and sectional relationships among Old and New World species will require much more extensive molecular and phylogenetic analysis of the genus. The characters used in the construction of the following key are the best that have been discovered for this purpose. Many of these are subject to sometimes rather wide variation. It is anticipated, therefore, that it can be used successfully only with considerable understanding of the natural units involved, their distribution, and comparison with descriptions and accurately named specimens. The Allium bulb consists of a series of leaf bases, some with blades, others without, surrounding an apical meristem. The leaf bases are replaced annually as the meristem forms a new (renewal) bulb. Often the meristem will branch, resulting in two or more bulbs being formed from a single parent bulb (increase bulbs). In addition several types of rhizomes are formed in Allium. In some cases (e.g., A. validum) bulbs form atop a thick, iris-like rhizome that produces new bulbs in succeeding years. In other cases (e.g., A. bolanderi, A. campanulatum, and A. unifolium) each bulb produces one or more rhizomes that in turn produce a terminal renewal or increase bulb. There is variation even in this type of rhizome. In some species (e.g., A. bolanderi and A. unifolium) the bulb producing the rhizomes disappears during the development of the rhizomes and new bulbs except for the roots, which remain active until the new bulbs mature and become dormant. In others (e.g., A. campanulatum) the bulb produces a number of very short rhizomes around the roots, each of which develops a very small terminal bulbel. At the same time, the parent bulb remains intact and produces a renewal bulb, or may divide to produce two or more large increase bulbs. As a result, specimens with this type of rhizome will have one or more large bulbs with a number of much smaller bulbels among the roots. The underground parts of Allium are often critical for successful identification, and every effort should always be made to collect them. The “dirty” brown or gray coats surrounding the bulbs are the only source for the cellular-reticulation patterns referred to in the key. These should be carefully collected and preserved as part of any specimen. Several Old World species (Allium ampeloprasum Linnaeus, A. cepa Linnaeus, A. oleraceum Linnaeus, A. sativum Linnaeus, A. nigrum Linnaeus), grown as foodstuffs or ornamentals, may be encountered and are certainly represented in North American herbaria. For this reason, these species have been included in the key. Some do not reproduce by seeds and probably should not be considered as truly naturalized in our flora, although they may persist for long periods at or near places where they have been planted. Additionally, over 52 species contained in this treatment are considered choice garden plants and are readily available through catalogues and garden centers. Locally, these species and possibly others grown as garden plants may escape and become established. It is inevitable, therefore, that numerous specimens of these escapees will be represented in North American herbaria and may muddy the boundaries of what is regarded to be the natural distribution. We have attempted in all cases to map what we consider to be the natural ranges of these species, based on the specimens examined over the years. Material falling outside these ranges may include these escapees and should be suspect.

SELECTED REFERENCES

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